Photography Art in 20th Century

Photography Art in 20th Century When it comes to discussing the discursive significance of photography, it is important to understand that, as a representational art-medium, it emerged because of the pace of a technological progress having assumed clearly defined exponential subtleties. In its turn, this presupposes that the art of photography is not only being technologically intense, but that this art’s conceptual legitimacy reflects the perceptual/cognitive sophistication of those who are expected to appreciate it.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Photography Art in 20th Century specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This, of course, challenges the conventional paradigm of art, as a ‘thing in itself’. Apparently, the rise of photography implies that the very notion of aesthetics cannot be thought of outside of what appears to be the discursively predetermined manner, in which intellectually advanced individuals tend to perceive the surrounding socio-cultural reality. The validity of this suggestion can be illustrated in regards to a number of photos, which now enjoy a certain ‘cult’ status. For example, even though that the 1930 photograph Pepper by Edward Weston depicts a rather commonplace vegetable, which people get to consume regularly, the photo’s object can be described as anything but ordinarily looking. One of the reasons for this is that there is a strong sexual appeal to it. Nevertheless, in order for just about anyone to confirm the validity of this suggestion, and consequently to be able to appreciate the artwork in question, he or she needs to be cognitively attuned with what happened to be the 20th century’s probably most important discourse – the discourse of sexuality. Alexander Rodchenko’s 1925 photograph Man on the Ladder, can also be referred to, as such confirm the legitimacy of the idea that every historical era defines the measure of the affiliated artwork’s aesthetic appeal. As it can be well seen in this photo, the author used a rather unusual viewpoint, while taking it. In its turn, this reflected the fact that during the course of the 20th century’s initial phase, the classical conventions of physics have been thoroughly revised, due to the emergence of the Theory of Relativity. This, of course, created objective preconditions for photographers to consider it fully appropriate to strive to exploit people’s anxieties, in regards this theory’s discursive implications. The invention of digital photography provided photographers with a yet additional instrument of ensuring that potential spectators would be intrigued, while exposed to the digitally mastered photographic artworks, such as combining a few different images into a single one, in order to emphasize the sheer intensity of the action depicted.Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your f irst paper with 15% OFF Learn More The 1995 photographic collage Self-Destruction by Chen Chieh-Jen exemplifies this statement perfectly well. Apparently, while creating the earlier mentioned collage, Chieh-Jen was perfectly aware of what accounts for the essence of contemporary people’s aesthetic longings – such as their taste for savoring the graphic details of death. Essentially the same can be said about what accounts for the discursively defined aesthetic appeal of the photographic images of those people who jumped out of the Twin Towers (due to intense heat), in the aftermath of the 9/11 attacks (Carolee Schneemann, Terminal Velocity, 2001). It is now being commonly suggested that the popularity of these images signifies ‘the loss of innocence’, on the part of America (Fitzpatrick 86). Nevertheless, this ‘loss’ is best discussed, as such that does not simply reflect recent geopolitical developments in the world, but rathe r as such that is being concerned with the process of Americans becoming intellectually/aesthetically marginalized – hence, their attraction to the emotionally disturbing photographic images. This confirms the soundness of the initially proposed idea that the emergence of photography once again proved the non-existence of art, as a purely metaphysical construct. One of the 20th century’s major discursive developments is the fact that people attained a rather multi-dimensional understanding, as to what accounts for their individuality. In its turn, this can be explained by the rise of psychology, as a science that implies that there is no ‘wholesomeness’ the sense of one’s self-identity. Therefore, it is fully explainable why, during the course of this century, the medium of photography has been extensively used, as the mean of gaining an in-depth insight into the quintessence of people’s existential modes. Apparently, the photography’s very paradigmatic technicalities make it possible (Sherman 926). In this respect, the photograph from Sherry Levine’s 1979 Presidential Series (featuring the image of a classy looking young woman inside of some man’s transparent silhouette), comes in rather exemplary.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Photography Art in 20th Century specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This is because the earlier mentioned photographic artwork implies that the depicted lady’s ‘classiness’ can be well regarded, as such that reflects her endowment with essentially masculine (hard) psychological qualities – hence, the ice-coldness of her blue eyes. It is needless to be mentioned, of course, that this in turn prompts observers to consider the possibility that one’s sense of identity only formally relates to what happened to be the concerned individual’s gender. Another interesting photog raph, which can be referred to, as such that confirms the initial thesis’s validity, is Barbara Kruger’s 1981 Untitled poster. As it can be well seen on it, the author made a deliberate point in representing the half of the depicted woman’s face in negative. The motivation, behind Kruger’s decision, in this respect, is quite clear she wanted to emphasize the fact that there are mutually contradictory desires inside of one’s mind, which is why there can indeed be very little rationale in assuming that the ways of a particular person’s character could be well anticipated. The clearly post-modernist essence of this subtly conveyed message is quite obvious. It also represents a common practice, among today’s photographers, to explore the motifs of classical (specifically romanticist) paintings within the contemporary settings. In this respect, Gregory Crewdson’s 2001 digital print Untitled (Ophelia) comes in particularly illustrat ive. By having created it, the author was able to promote the idea that people’s sense of existential idealism is a discursive category – due to the realities of a post-industrial living, one’s mental clinging to the noumenons of the past can hardly be justified. This, of course, advances the idea that it is specifically external circumstances which construct people’s sense of identity and not vice versa. Finally, we can make mentioning of Andreas Gursky’s 1993 color print Paris, Montparnasse, as such implies that the integrity of people’s sense of self-identity is becoming increasingly weakened, due to the fact that in today’s world, it is specifically one’s willingness to be ‘just like others’, which reflects his or her chances of securing its place under the sun. It is understood, of course, that by adapting uniformity, as the integral part of their individuality, people grow ever more ‘faceless’ â €“ just like the apartment-cubicles, in which they reside. I believe that the earlier deployed line of argumentation is fully consistent with this paper’s initial thesis.Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Fitzpatrick, Andrea. â€Å"The Movement of Vulnerability: Images of Falling and September 11.† Art Journal 66.4 (2007): 84-102. Print. Sherman, Cindy. â€Å"Statement, 1982.† Theories and Documents of Contemporary Art: A Sourcebook of Artists Writings. Ed. Kristine Stiles and Peter Howard Selz. Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2006. 926-928. Print.

Popular Street Artists

Popular Street Artists During a walk along the streets of most urban centers, one may encounter various artworks displayed on walls. The government does not sanction a sizeable percentage of these artworks. Street art refers to the illegal visual artwork. Street artists usually undertake their work despite the risk of arrest.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Popular Street Artists specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Various street artists have gained worldwide popularity due to their street artworks. Some of the street artists include Alexandre Farto , Christian Guà ©my, Banksy, Shepard Fairey, and Brian Donnelly. Banksy is a controversial street artist whose works are in walls in London, Brighton, and Bristol. Banksy has even exhibited his artworks on the walls of West Bank. Banksy’s real identity is still unknown. However, various sources claim to know his real identity. Banksy has many fans due to his exquisite works of art. Banksy has several celebrity fans who include Brad Pitt, Angelina Jolie and Christina Aguirela (Joseph para 3). Banksy has satirical artworks that use dark humor to express their message. Banksy began his career as a graffiti artist during the early 1990s. Initially, he was a member of the DryBreadZ Crew (BDZ). During the turn of the millennium, Bansky ventured into stenciling due to the less time that it takes to stencil. The shift to stenciling enabled Banksy to gain popularity in Bristol and London. Most of Banksy’s artworks have anti-establishment messages. He uses police officers, children, soldiers, and the elderly as subjects that enable him to express himself. In 2004, Banksy made a sizeable number of fake  £10 notes that had the portrait of Princess Diana instead of Queen Elizabeth. In an effort to discredit the Bank of England, Banksy satirically replaced the words ‘Bank of England’ with ‘Banksy of England.’ During the Notting Hill Carnival, a c ertain individual dished out the fake money to the crowd.Advertising Looking for essay on art? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The notes fetched  £200 on e-Bay. Banksy uses street art to express his political views. Some of the views may be controversial. Banksy also helps in the development of other artists. He hosts various exhibitions that provide other artists with a platform to exhibit their work. In 2008, he hosted the Cans Festival in London. The festival provided a platform for various graffiti artists to display their skills. This has enabled Banksy to become one of the most famous and influential street artists. Alexandre Farto is one of the most famous Portuguese street artists. He uses the pseudonym Vhils. Vhils has been a street artist since the tender age of 13 years. He started his career by painting on trains. Vhils is a graduate of arts from the University of Arts London. Vhils credits his current popularity to the platform that Banksy provides other artists to enable them portray their skills. There are artworks of Vhils in Moscow, London, Lisbon, and New York. Alexandre Farto adopted the name Vhils, since he liked spraying the letters (Jones para 3). Vhils started doing street art at the tender age of 13 years. When he was 17 years old, he started having a different picture of walls. Walls told the history of his country. This motivated Vhils to start carving into walls to reflect the changing times. Vhils has various street artworks of everyday heroes (Jones para 6). These artworks are in various countries across the globe. Vhils tries to use street art to chronicle the changing times. Therefore, his artworks help in social development. The Cans Festival provided Vhils with a platform that enabled him to attain his current popularity. During the festival, his work appeared alongside that of Banksy. Since then, Vhils has done several shows on his own.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Popular Street Artists specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Vhils has held various shows in Lisbon, Paris, and New York. These shows have enabled Vhils to display his skills. In addition, the shows have enabled him to express his ideas. The shows also fetch Vhils a considerable amount of money. Another famous street artist is Christian Guà ©my. Guà ©my uses the pseudonym C215. C215 is a 38-year-old French street artist who hails from Paris. The countryside background of C215 made him lack any connection to graffiti or stenciling work until he was 15 years old. However, upon doing some graffiti at the young age he became bored with graffiti. He only returned to do graffiti work in his adulthood. The wish to create a souvenir by painting her daughter’s face on the streets was the main factor that motivated C215 to venture into street art. However, his street artworks gained huge popularity prompting him to become a professional artist. Therefore, C215 did not set out to become a professional artist. He became a street artist by chance. C215 grew outside the street art culture that influences most of the modern street artwork. C215 is opposed to the repetition, overconsumption, hype, and cynicism, which characterize most modern street artwork. C215 uses his artwork to give hope and dignity to the society. In so doing, he uses his artwork to shape a new civilization. Most of the artwork of C215 consists of portraits of people. He uses beggars, homeless, and refugees as some of his subjects. These subjects enable C215 to use art to express himself. These subjects help in refocusing the society on forgotten people. C215 uses artworks in various cities around the world. Some of the cities include Barcelona, Rome, and London. C215 is also involved in other commercial artwork activities.Advertising Looking for essay on art? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Shepard Fairey is one of the most popular American street artists. Fairey, 43, hails from Charleston, North Carolina. Fairey’s involvement in art started in 1984 when he was 14 years old. The quest to hone his skills motivated Fahey to join the Rhode Island School of Design from where he obtained a degree in Fine Arts in 1988. One of the earliest works of Fairey is ‘Andre the Giant Has a Posse.’ Fairey created this piece of art while he was still studying at the Rhode Island School of Design. Soon after graduation, Fairey ventured into professional artwork by creating a small printing company. The company specialized in silkscreens and artworks on various clothing. This enabled Fairey to develop his art skills. Later on, Fairey helped in the formation of various companies that were involved in professional artwork activities. One of Fairey’s most famous pieces of artwork is the Barrack Obama ‘Hope’ poster. Fairey also has various street artwor ks. However, these artworks have landed him in problems several times. The risks involved in street artwork require artists to do street artwork discreetly. Street artists may face litigation from various parties due to vandalism of their property. This is because street artists work on other people’s property. However, this does not prevent street artists from portraying their artworks in various public places. On February 2009, police arrested Fairey due to his graffiti. Fairey uses street artwork as an avenue that enables him to express his ideas. In addition, Fairey has murals in several countries. Some of the murals are in London and Copenhagen (Bofkin para 1). Brian Donnelly is another popular American street artist. The artist uses the pseudonym KAWS. KAWS hails from Jersey City, New Jersey. KAWS began doing his artwork by doing graffiti in Jersey City. In the 1990s, he relocated to New York City. In New York City, KAWS began his career by subverting the imagery on var ious billboards and advertisements within the city. In so doing, he created attractive pieces of art. These advertisements remained in their reworked form for several months. This increased the popularity of the artist. KAWS has been involved in various commercial artwork activities. During the late 1990s, he designed vinyl toys, which were popular in various countries. The success of the toys prompted him to form partnerships with various companies for the manufacture of clothing. KAWS also designed the bottle of Dos Equis, a Mexican beer. Some of the artworks of KAWS include several acrylic paintings and sculptures. KAWS has remodeled various popular iconic figures. These figures include Mickey Mouse and the Smurfs. The artworks of KAWS have enabled him to use his artwork in mass-produced merchandise. KAWS has produced various artworks that have been commercially successful as mass-produced merchandise. However, KAWS continues to engage in various fine art activities that do not i nvolve mass production. KAWS shows how artists can take advantage of existing commercial opportunities while remaining true to their profession. Bofkin, Lee. â€Å"Street artist Shepard Fairey unveils largest mural in the UK.† The Guardian. 2012. Web. Jones, Alice. â€Å"Vhils: The art of urban decay.† The independent, 2012. Web. Joseph, Claudia. â€Å"Graffiti artist Banksy unmasked as a former public schoolboy from middle-class suburbia.† MailOnline. 2008. Web.

Dell inc Strategic Analysis Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Dell inc Strategic Analysis Report - Essay Example IT market is one of leading technological industries where huge number of biggest players like HP, IBM and Apple among others is present. It has been apparently observed in this similar circumstance that IT industry comprises potential number of consumers whose buying trends are continuously changing due to incessant product innovation. In order to survive in this competitive environment, Dell effectively emphasises upon performing its different operational activities by executing broad array of business as well as functional level strategies at large (Schmid & et. al., 2006). With regard to analyse the macro environment of Dell, it has been viewed that the organisation experiences wide variety of government regulations and legal issues that eventually impose low impact upon its business performance . In order to overcome any sort of business or operational challenge, Dell effectively follows the laws and rules of its domestic government that have been mentioned in its business Code of Conduct aiding the organisation towards bringing flexibility within its entire business operation. In terms of global operation, it has been noted that the organisation faces superior degree of governmental intervention which creates extensive impact upon its business activities. In relation to economic environment, Dell primarily focuses upon the value of its domestic currencies in terms of products or service delivery which aids the organisation to earn more profit from its international business market. In relation to social business market, Dell executes wide variety of strategies by which company has been able to deliver innovative products and unique solutions services as per clients’ requirements (Ignatiuk, 2009). PESTEL (Micro Environmental Analysis) In order to identify the core business strategies of Dell, it can be apparently observed that the company tends to practice effective business performance through encompassing each macroeconomic factor namely the political, economic, social, technological, environmental as well as legal aspects

Organizational Innovation and Change - Critical Thinking Mod 1 Essay

Organizational Innovation and Change - Critical Thinking Mod 1 - Essay Example Likewise, there was a need to assess internal resources (including financial support, as well as coordinated time and effort of all members) to make the transferring to another home, possible. In addition, not only was there a need to transfer to a new local community, but to search for the nearby educational institutions, as well as employment opportunities to support and sustain a successful change. Personal Experience as a Story of Change Just like the stories of change presented by authors Palmer, Dunford, & Akin (2009), the story of moving made it a story of change due to the presence of both internal and external factors that contribute to the need to change. Likewise, after establishing the need, the strategies were aptly designed to ensure that the actual change (moving) is implemented within a defined time frame, and with little resistance, as possible. Of course, all members of the family need to be duly informed, and as much as possible, any resistance to the required chan ge had to be effectively addressed and managed through strategies that included open communication, proposing opportunities for growth, and emphasizing that the future would be more productive and rewarding with the proposed change. Similarities with Change Lessons From Hewlett- Packard change story, the following elements were similarly present in one’s personal story of change: (1) that â€Å"different interests need to be recognized and addressed† (Palmer, Dunford, & Akin, 2009, p. 9); (2) that the interests apparently provoked different reactions to the change process: from resistance, anxiety, anticipation, relief, among others; (3) that skills of negotiation and persuasion are needed in the process; (4) that â€Å"communicating change often entails providing a vision of the future that is compelling† (Palmer, Dunford, & Akin, 2009, p. 9); and (5) that pressures or factors that led to change come from both internal and external sources. Moving to another re sidence share these similarities in terms of having identified that internal and external factors impinge on the current status and necessitate moving. For instance, the change in employment or assignment to another state was the primary reason for moving and that retaining the current residence would have been unproductive and irrational. From the IBM change story, one noted that there were similarities shared in terms of having recognized: (1) that â€Å"change requires a marshaling of appropriate resources† (Palmer, Dunford, & Akin, 2009, p. 9). Likewise, from the change story of Kodak, one shared the same experience in terms of manifesting that â€Å"change involves risk and uncertainty† and that its consequences could not always be predicted (Palmer, Dunford, & Akin, 2009, p. 9). There were similarities in one’s personal change story after identifying that current financial resources need to be evaluated to assess the feasibility for moving and to determine if the potential income related to the new employment of one’s father could aptly support the cost of living in the new state. Of course, there were risks and uncertainties that include being immersed in a new environment and being potentially exposed to unfamiliar people with diverse cultural backgrounds. The elements that were utterly not applicable in one’

Production plan Essay Example for Free

Production plan Essay Student #2: Vanessa Mijares ORGANIZATIONAL: Costed Recipes COOKING: Focaccia Bread and Torta Caprese Student #3: Juan ORGANIZATIONAL: Food Requisition COOKING: Braciole Calabresi and Action Plan Components 1. Cover sheet 2. Table of contents 3. Descriptive Copy MENU – MUST include salable descriptions of menu items. (Prepare a second copy for framed presentation. ) 4. Requisition 5. Daily Preplist and Transfer Task List – one per student per day with a time line (Great detail required) Or a threaded production list with timeline. 6. Daily prep lists cont. 7. Daily prep lists cont. 8. Daily prep lists cont. 9. Written Recipe Cards on 3X 5 or 4 X 6 Notecards – 1 per recipe Daily Preplist and Transfer Task List Weekly Topic: Southern Italy Student: Vanessa Mijares Team Members:Cassey Dodd, Greta Schmidt, Juan Vasquez DISHES ON WHICH I’M WORKING Focaccia Bread Torta Caprese TASKSStart Time:Completion Time: Make sponge for focaccia bread330335 Make batter for torta caprese, and bake335350 Make dough for focaccia bread, rest350405. Slice up strawberries for compote405415 Stretch out dough, rest415430 Bake bread430445 JUST BEFORE PLATING and TASKS AT PLATE UP Saute strawberries with sugar Daily Preplist and Transfer Task List Weekly Topic: Southern Italy? Student: Greta Schmidt ?Team Members: Vanessa Mijares, Juan Vasquez, Casey Dodd DISHES ON WHICH I’M WORKING Peperonata Orechietti Pasta with Artichokes TASKS Clean artichokes, clean peppers, peel tomatoes, Mise en place all ingredients. Start Time: 3:30 3:30 3:40 3:40 3: 50 Completion Time: 3:35 3:40 3:50 3:50 3:53 Boil pasta water, season with salt cook al,dente cool. Sautee Panchetta, add onions, artichokes add water cook ? Artichokes until tender. For the peperonata: saute sofrito, tomatoes Sautee peppers, add sofrito and capers? JUST BEFORE PLATING and TASKS AT PLATE UP Reheat pasta and toss with artichokes sauce, herb and cheese Correct seasoning on both dishes Heat plates, present dish Daily Preplist and Transfer Task List Weekly Topic: Southern Italy Student: Casey Dodd. Team Members: Greta Schmidt, Juan Vasquez, Vanessa Mijares DISHES ON WHICH I’M WORKING Insalata di Seppie, Calamari, e Gamberi Tunnu a Palirmitana TASKSStart Time:Completion Time: Ask Chef for wine from the store room330335 Get two big pots of boiling water going335350 While water heats up fabricate all seafood350405 Make tuna marinade as soon as possible405415 Make sauce for the seafood415430 Grill the tuna430445 Finish both procedures445545 JUST BEFORE PLATING and TASKS AT PLATE UP Clean all dishes and clean worktable. Stay organized!

Robert Frosts The Road Not Taken - The Ambiguous Road Essay -- Road N

The Very Ambiguous Road Not Taken  Ã‚     Ã‚   Donald J. Greiner states, "In the years since his death, biographical revelations and critical appraisals have torn off the mask to expose a Frost the public never knew: a flawed man with more than his share of personal tragedy, a major poet with more than his share of fear"(95). Many people consider Robert Frost to be a great poet with many accomplishments. His work is well known throughout Europe and the United States; however, most people do not know the kind of life Frost led. On the surface, Frost seems to be a skilled writer filled with ambition and determination, yet, on the inside, he is a man constantly tormented by a haunting past and many unknown tragedies. Frost often conveys his feelings in his poetry; thus, just as Frost's life has an underlying meaning, so do many of his poems. Frost's "The Road Not Taken" is a poem that is often studied on its obvious surface level; however, the poem is actually very ambiguous in its underlying meaning. Because the speaker in Frost's work can only take one path, he will never know what the other path holds for him. In the beginning of the work, the speaker states, "Two roads diverged in a yellow wood, /And sorry I could not travel both" (1-2). This statement supports the fact that the speaker realizes he can not take both paths; therefore, he can never know what each path has to offer him. The speaker often refers to the fact that he wishes to be able to explore both paths. When the traveler says he "kept the first for another day!" (13), he means that one day he intends to come back to the road he did not take and see what he missed. Supporting this fact, the speaker also declares that "knowing how way leads to way, /[he] doubted ... ... way this experience has affected his life. Like a faà §ade, sometimes the surface structure of a poem can be very misleading, and, periodically, one must look deeper into the work in order to grasp its true meaning. Often simple words and phrases are the key to understanding a poem so traditionally studied with one meaning attached to it. As stated before, Frost's "The Road Not Taken" is a poem frequently studied with a traditional insight; however, analyzed and critiqued at a different level this work is actually very ambiguous. Works Cited Frost, Robert. "The Road Not Taken." The North Introduction To Literature. 6th ed. Eds. Carl E.Bain, Jerome Beaty, and J. Paul Hunter. New York: W.W Norton, 1995. 1097. Greiner, Donald J. "Robert Frost." Dictionary of Literary Biography. 3rd ed. Ed. Peter Quartermain. Vol.54. Detroit: Gale, 1987. 93-121.      

Financial Ratio Analysis: Pakistan State Oil Essay

In 2011, company is more liquid than other two years this is due to increase of Rs 983917 in current asset from 2010 to 2011. And in 2011 to 2012 there is decrease of Rs 227300 in current asset. Quick Ratio is high in 2012 because stock-in-trade i.e. inventory decreases by Rs. 6854599 in 2012. Fixed Asset turnover is higher it means company has utilized its fixed assets more efficiently as compare to other period. Debt ratio and debt to equity ratio indicate that Company is more leveraged in 2012 than other periods. This higher leverage in part explains Company’s poor financial performance of 2012 relative to 2011 because the leverage commits Company’s interest payments that must be paid regardless of economic and market conditions. The ratios indicate that Company’s has a higher cost of sales in 2012 than the 2011. In 2012 Company’s has a better liquidity position, with both the current ratio and the quick ratio being higher than other years. In 2012, total assets are higher than other two years and its fixed asset turnover is significantly higher than other year. Alternatively, the poor fixed asset turnover may indicate overcapacity caused by extremely poor forecasts of future sales. Or, the poor ratio may indicate a fundamental inability or inefficiency in using the deployed assets. Keep in mind, though, that the debt ratios used in the ratio analysis above used total liabilities as a measure of debt. In contrast, capital structure analysis focuses specifically on long-term debt in calculating leverage. DuPont System of Financial Analysis: The DuPont analysis is similar with analyzing ratios: Company has an advantage in its leverage ratio in 2012 (Assets to Equity 6.95 compared to 6.26 and 6.89) and in its use of assets in 2010 (Total Asset Turnover of 4.93 compared to 4.19 and 3.9), yet has a poorer return on equity due to its low net profit margin. While one would expect a somewhat lower net profit margin for a firm with a higher leverage ratio (the firm has to pay interest to service the debt that gives the higher leverage ratio). Reference: Â  PSO Annual Report 2012 and 2011

Cushing’s Syndrome

Cushing’s Syndrome is a hormone disorder caused by the body tissues being exposed to high levels of the hormone cortisol for a long period of time. The disease is commonly caused by taking corticosteroid medicine in high doses over an extended period of time. The condition can also be caused by the body’s excess production of cortisol due to an overactive adrenal gland. It is a rare disease that mostly affects adults between the ages of 20 to 50. Females are more likely to get the disease than males due to an adrenal or pituitary tumor. Cushing’s Syndrome signs and symptoms include progressive obesity and skin changes. There is rapid gain in the upper body fat deposit along the collar bone and the back of the neck which is often called â€Å"buffalo humps† and a rounded face which is referred to as â€Å"moon face†. The skin stretches causing pink or purple stretch marks along the stomach, thighs, breasts, and arms. A woman with the syndrome could experience excess body hair growth on their face, neck, chest, stomach, and thighs. It could cause their menstrual cycle to become irregular or stop. A man with the syndrome could experience decreased fertility and erectile dysfunction. Other signs and symptoms include excess sweating, fatigue, muscle weakness, headaches, high blood pressure, thinning and fragility of the skin causing it to bruise easily and heal poorly. Other symptoms also include dryness of the skin, acne, weakened bones, cognitive difficulties, and high blood sugar which may lead to diabetes. Cushing’s Syndrome can also cause loss of emotional control which could lead to depression, anxiety, and irritability. The adrenal gland of the endocrine system produces a number of hormones, including cortisol. Cortisol plays a number of roles throughout the body. It helps with regulating the body’s blood pressure, which keeps the cardiovascular system functioning normal. It helps to react to stress by converting proteins, carbohydrates, and fats into usable energy. The condition can be caused by medication such as prednisone that has the same effects as the cortisol that is produced in the body. A doctor may prescribe this type medicine to patients with inflammatory disease such as asthma, lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, or to prevent the body from rejecting a transplanted organ. The treatment of these conditions often requires higher amounts of cortisol than the body normally needs in a day. The condition can be caused by your own body producing excess cortisol. This could occur from the excess production of one or both of the adrenal glands of the adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) which regulates production of cortisol. A benign tumor of the pituitary gland can cause secretion of an excess amount of ACTH, which will, in return, stimulate the adrenal gland to make more cortisol than the body needs. As mentioned previously, the condition occurs more often in women. Urine and blood lab tests are performed to measure the hormone levels in the urine and blood. These tests will show if the body is producing an excessive amount of cortisol. Saliva tests are also used by analyzing cortisol levels in salvia collected at night. Normally, cortisol levels rise and fall throughout the day, but levels in people without Cushing’s Syndrome will drop considerably in the evening. Imaging tests such as CT or MRI scans can detect abnormalities such as tumors in the pituitary and/or adrenal glands. All of these tests can help a doctor diagnose Cushing’s Syndrome and rule out other medical conditions. The treatment for Cushing’s Syndrome depends on what caused the cortisol to be high in the body. The treatment should be designed to lower the high level of cortisol in the body. If the disease was caused by long term exposure to corticosteroids, then the treatment would be reducing the use of corticosteroid. For patients with asthma, arthritis, or other conditions that require medication to manage their illness, doctors can prescribe noncorticosteroid drugs. Surgery is recommended if the disease is caused by a tumor that is present in the pituitary gland, adrenal glands, lungs, or pancreas. If surgery does not remove the tumor completely, radiation therapy is used in conjunction with the operation. Medications such as Nizoral, Lysodren, and Metopirone are prescribed to control production of cortisol when the surgery or radiation therapy doesn’t work. The length of recovery depends on the severity and cause of the Cushing’s Syndrome. Patients should be advised to increase their daily activities slowly due to weakened muscles. They need to be sure that they are eating sensibly and getting enough calcium and Vitamin D to help strengthen their bones. They need to monitor their mental health because depression can develop due to being overwhelmed or having difficulty coping with recovery. For aches and pains; the patient can take hot baths and do low impact exercises such as water aerobics. For patient recovery from cognitive difficulties, they can do crossword puzzles or math problems to exercise their brain and help to improve their brain function.

underage drinking Essays

underage drinking Essays underage drinking Essay underage drinking Essay E. Donahue Matt W. English 101 9/24/2013 Am I an Adult Yet? Some would argue that the drinking age shouldnt be lowered because of three very real risks, drunk driving, alcohol poisoning, and violent or destructive behavior. Drunk driving is a stain on our civilization. An average of 17,000 individuals die each year in drunk driving related deaths. It seems quite plausible that were alcohol to be legalized for those under the age of 18, the 15. 1% of 18 to 20 year olds who drink before getting behind the wheel would rise significantly. A brief stroll through nearly very campus in America reveals keg parties, crowded bars filled with fake ID minors, and rowdy sorority and fraternity functions. When you consider that adolescence is a time of great impulsivity and tendency for violence and destructive behavior, the dangers of legalizing alcohol for minors become that much more real. The main problem with the United States having a drinking age of 21 is that the age of majority is 18 (19 in Alabama and Nebraska), as it is throughout most of the world. That is the age when a person assumes the legal rights and responsibilities of an adult. Consequently, anyone in the United States who has reached the age of 18 is legally eligible to vote, run for office, enter contracts, marry, engage in consensual sex with other adults, adopt children, Join the military, be subject to the draft, purchase tobacco, and purchase pornography; that is, everything under the sun except buy a beer. Just over half the 15-year-old boys reported drinking alcohol in the previous week, with an average intake of 14.5 units. This compared with 46% of 15- year-old girls drinking an average of 11.2 units. In their first year of secondary school, 5% of boys and girls said they had drunk alcohol in the previous week. This rose to 18% of boys and 19% of girls by the age of 13. Among the drinkers aged 11-13, the average consumption was 8.3 units by the boys and 4.6 by the girls. The findings came from a survey of more than 7,000 pupils at 225 schools in England, carried out by the National Centre for Social Research and National Foundation for Educational Research in autumn last year. A full report will be published later this year. Previous surveys showed the proportion of 11 to 15-year- olds drinking alcohol in the previous week rose from 20% in 1998 to 27% in 1996 before falling to 21% in 1998 and 1999. Last year the proportion rose again to 24%. A spokesman for the charity Alcohol Concern said: It reinforces our belief that there needs to be much more emphasis on education and prevention in terms of making people more aware of the dangers of alcohol misuse. Young bodies are just not made for drinking alcohol. The survey showed the proportion of 11 to 15-year-olds using drugs in the last month rose from 7% in 1998 to 9% in 2000. The proportion using drugs at least once during the previous year rose from 11% to 14% over the same period. At the age of 11, 3% had tried drugs over the last year mostly cannabis. Older children were more likely to have experimented, with 28% of 15-year-olds saying they had taken cannabis in the previous 12 months, 9% stimulants such as cocaine, ecstasy or amphetamines, and 1% heroin. Among 11 to 15-year-olds, 10% said they were regular smokers (at least one cigarette a week). Last year anti-smoking campaigners welcomed figures showing the proportion of young smokers fell from 13% in 1996 to 9% in 1999. The most prolific smokers were 15-year-old girls, with 26% owning up to being regular smokers compared with 25% in 1999. Sir Paul Nurse, director general of Imperial Cancer Research Fund, said the figures showed why the government was wrong to postpone legislation to ban tobacco advertising. Young peoples smoking rates have been falling since 1996 and it would be tragic if we were seeing the beginning of a reversal in this trend The government is sitting on a bill that would save thousands of lives each year and would protect precisely this group of vulnerable people. A spokeswoman for the Department of Health said: We remain on course to meet our tar get of reducing smoking among the 11-15 age group to 11% by 2005 and 9% or less by 2010. We are concerned by the small increase in the percentage of young people who have used drugs in the last month and in the last year. However we are encouraged that the percentage of pupils reporting use of heroin and cocaine -the drugs which cause the greatest harm has remained low. On the rise in teenage drinking, she said: We look forward to the publication of the main report which will provide more detailed information on the young peoples drinking behaviour, and we will continue to monitor trends. A separate report on teenage drinking published by the Scottish executive found a rise in drinking among 12 to15-year-olds in the period 1998-2000. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Thirty-nine young people died in 1999 after sniffing butane lighter refills, according to a report on UK deaths from volatile substance abuse by St Georges hospital medical school in London. Deaths due to gases, aerosols, glues and similar substances declined steadily over the past 10 years, but still account for one in 60 deaths among teenagers between 15 and 19. Is Your Teenager Using? The changes that youve noticed in your teenager may just be signs of growing up, but some can be dead giveaways for alcohol and drug use. Continued alcohol and drug use will affect your childs behaviour, attitudes and even choice of friends. If your child is using alcohol and drugs, its a good bet he (or she) is doing everything possible to keep that activity hidden. The last thing he wants is for his parents to give him a hassle about his newly found entertainment. But continued alcohol and drug use will affect your childs behaviour, attitudes and even choice of friends. Here are some signs to look for, if you think that your child may be using: Mood Swings Most teenagers go through normal mood swings. But look for extreme changes one minute happy and giddy followed by withdrawal, depression, or fits of anger or rage. New Friends? If you child is using, chances are he will begin hanging out with others with similar interests. Has your child suddenly turned away from his old friends? Is he hanging out with an older (driving age) group or with those that you suspect are using drugs? Bad Performance in School Has your childs attitude toward school suddenly changed? Have his grades gone from pretty good to very bad? Has he been skipping classes or school altogether? Physical Health Have you noticed a change in appetite? Does your child suddenly have digestive problems. Has he been treated for medical conditions that might be attributed to substance abuse, like gastritis or ulcers? Have his sleeping patterns changed? Evidence Have you notice any alcoholic beverages missing? How about the medicine cabinet? Anything missing there? Have you found unexplained empty containers around the house or grounds? Any paraphernalia? Has he suddenly started smoking cigarettes openly? Attitude Has your child developed a negative attitude against anti-drug or anti-alcohol programs, materials or literature? Has he been in trouble with the law for any reason? Has he developed a bad attitude toward any authority figures in his life? Have you found that your child has generally become dishonest about things? Little Things Have you noticed a change in hairstyle or fashion choices? Is he suddenly using breath mints consistently? Has he lost interest in tidiness in his room or does he pay less attention to personal hygiene? Overt Signals Has anyone ever told you your child is drinking or using drugs? Do you know that he has experimented. Has he suddenly developed the need for additional money, for vague or unexplained reasons? Have you ever seen him stagger? Or have you noticed any slurred speech? Changes in the pupils of his eyes, or redness or bloodshot eyes? Conclusion: A Better Way Instead of stigmatizing alcohol and trying to scare people into abstinence, we need to recognize that it is not alcohol itself but rather the abuse of alcohol that is the problem. Teaching about responsible use does not require student consumption of alcohol any more than teaching them world geography requires them to visit Nepal, or teaching them civics requires that they run for office or vote in presidential elections. We teach students civics to prepare them for the day when they can vote and assume other civic responsibilities if they choose to do so. Because either drinking in moderation or abstaining should both be equally acceptable options for adults, we must prepare students for either choice. To do otherwise is both irresponsible and ineffective, if not counterproductive. A recent study of the effectiveness of alcohol education programs compared those that present an abstinence-only message with those that present drinking in moderation as an option. It is clear that programs accepting responsible use are demonstrably more successful than are no-use-only programs.29 In spite of noble intentions and the expenditure of massive amounts of time, energy, and money the best evidence shows that our current abstinence-oriented alcohol education is ineffective. Simply doing more of what is not working will not lead to success; it is essential that we re-think our approach to the problem. Our youth are too important and the stakes are too high to so otherwise.

Marketing Strategy of Mcdonalds Essays

Marketing Strategy of Mcdonalds Essays Marketing Strategy of Mcdonalds Paper Marketing Strategy of Mcdonalds Paper Introduction: McDonalds is one of the biggest fast food companies in the market share today. It has been running in over 119 countries, as well as they have acquired over 31,000 restaurants in the world now. McDonald’s brand mission is to be customers’ favourite place and way to eat, they are aligned around a global strategy called the ‘Plan to Win’, they also committed to continuously improving their operations and enhancing their customers’ experience. As we all know that McDonald’s had successfully achieved their goal through out the years. (aboutmcdonald’s, 2012) Apart from this, as McDonald’s is a worldwide company, they also had the social responsibility to return the community; therefore, the ‘Ronald McDonald House Charities’ was established to build up their social image. Unfortunately, the market share is not only for McDonalds because there are still a lot other competitors in the market, like KFC and Burger King. So, McDonalds need a good marketing strategy to conquer other enemies and retain their position because the competition in the market is hypercompetitive. As all we know, the successful marketing strategy for McDonalds is based on their innovative and creative promotion and great marketing research in order to keep consumer’s loyalty. Eventually, this project will examine the success through three main sessions, which are marketing research, the marketing mix and the competitor strategies. Marketing Research: Every marketing strategy starts with the marketing research. In the fast food market, McDonald’s confronts competition form other businesses, in order to maintain the market share, McDonald’s needs to identify the needs and wants of customers, and creating the right marketing mix in order to keep customers’ loyalty so as to build up a long term relationship with their customers. Marketing research helps identifying the change of customers’ wills and anticipates how the changes will affect the sales figure. 1. Research method Market researches done by McDonald’s consider everything that affect buying decisions. (The times 100, 2012) The buying decisions could be affected by a wide range of factors, including psychological factors, like ‘what image does the product give’ or ‘how the consumer feels when purchasing’. Next, the economy changes could also affect the buying decisions, for example, the rising living standards. According to Salvam (2009), McDonald’s used both qualitative and quantitative data are developed in the research activities. After McDonald’s had collect the data, they will identify how appropriate the company’s products are for the future; the quality of employees and how well trained they are to offer the best services to customer and the financial resources that available for marketing etc. 2. Customer satisfaction The number of customers in the market is limited; it is essential to retain people once they have become customers to build long-term and successful business. The marketing research helps McDonald’s to indentify the types of customers and determine the type of products and services offered, price range, promotion strategies and even where the restaurants located. The ‘Happy Meal’ is one of the famous product line McDonald’s had produced, which targeted to young customers, the Happy Meal is served with food and a toy, McDonald’s ally with Hollywood studios such as Walt Disney, consequently, the Happy meal had become one of the most successful children’s cultural icons on the globe (Hong, 2009) and brings about a huge income to McDonald’s every single year. Apart from this, to respond the global criticism and the negative effect of the documentary ‘Super Size Me’ on McDonald’s are selling junk food, McDonald’s had introduce the more healthy food, such as salad and fruits to their menu, so as to associate their brand image with healthier food. This is one of the examples that shows how McDonald’s consider the social factor. These are all the examples of what McDonald’s done to achieve the needs and wants of customers. How McDonald’s influences their customers – The marketing mix It is known that McDonald’s used both polycentric and geocentric approach in creating their marketing mix. 1. Product It is known that most products go through a ‘product life cycle’, which sees all kinds of product will eventually go to the ‘decline’ stage. The marketing research discussed in the pervious part is vitally important to understand the changing wants and needs of customers. McDonalds constantly works to satisfy customers by developing new products to appeal them. For example, McDonalds introduced a variety of salads to appeal to the healthier conscious customers (Yahoo! Contributor Network, 2005), and recently, McDonald’s added a new product line named ‘great taste of America’ so as to attract young customers. (UK McDonald’s, 2012) 2. Price As we all know that customers draw their own mental picture of what a product is worth, therefore, it is important for McDonald’s to know the customer’s perception of value. (Brassington and Pettitt, 2006) McDonald’s will change their product price time to time based on the result of the marketing research, and offer the most reasonable price for the customers. 3. Promotions Every company has their own way to promote their products; McDonald’s is no different. The promotion strategy of McDonald’s could be classified into two aspects, which are the advertising promotion and sales promotion. 3. 1 Advertisement Advertisement is conducted on TV, radio, website, poster site, and all kinds of media that around our daily life. It is known that positive emotion can be very effective in creating memorable and persuasive messages (Brassington and Pettitt, 2006), this is also why the cheerful senses are always used in McDonalds’ commercials. Apart from this, customer-oriented appeals are also used in McDonalds’ advertisement. To advertise different types of customers, McDonald’s had different strategies, for example, they had co-operate with Walt Disney to produce toys that can attract children. Toy giveaways are a major promotion weapon in McDonald’s battle in the fast-food market share. McDonald’s have long put toys in kid’s meal to build traffic and encourage repeat visit from families. 3. 2 Sales Promotion McDonald’s had developed numerous of effective promotional campaign to attract more customers, and sales promotion is an aspect that they heavily rely on. It is believed that by adding extra value to the product, over and above the normal product offering, thus creating an extra inducement to consumers to buy or try them. (Brassington and Pettitt, 2006) McDonald’s strategy is to offer quality food quickly to customers at a good value. The pricing structure for McDonald’s over years has supported this message, McDonald’s has ran many promotions to increase product sales. For instance, they offer student offer, which gives out free hamburger, cheeseburger or ‘McFlurry Original’ with the customers purchase an ‘Extra Value Meal’ with a valid student ID card. Furthermore, McDonald’s also offer different types of coupons frequently in order to stimulate the demand and increase customers’ interest and desire to purchase their products. (McDonald’s, 2012) 4. Place Place, is about the physical location and the distribution points for products. McDonald’s had their special menu in different shops all over the world. For instance, Maharaja McBurger is a vegetarian burger marketed in India; Prosperity Burger is popular in China, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Singapore; McDonalds offers Halal food in Muslim countries such as Saudi Arabia, UAE, Kuwait, Indonesia, Malaysia etc. Competitor Strategies: Nowadays, many fast food shops are building up in the market, which means the market share for fast food shop is becoming more competitive. As we all know, no company can be successful without a good competitor strategy. McDonald’s has become one of the well-known and famous fast food companies today because they have had an innovated and effective competitor strategy to conquer their enemies The major competitors of McDonald’s included Burger King, Doctor’s Associates and Yumburger. RQ Admit Company, 2012) Among all of the competitors strategies McDonald’s had applied, there are three main obvious ideas, which can help them establishing a good reputation and popularity in the market. New Production Strategy: As McDonalds had expanded internationally, in order to keep consumer’s loyalty and attract people’s attention, McDonald’s designs creative productions regularly which are both special and delicious, such as ‘shake shake chips’ and new version of burger. Clark, 2012) Furthermore, in order to spread further their market, they provided vegetarian food, which allowed customers that are vegetarian to purchase their product. Apart from this, McDonald’s has already established a great reputation in the market; therefore, they will be always exploiting their brand’s reputation and consumer’s desire to promote the new product. This is one of the effective ways, which could assist customers to gain their popularity and promote their new production. Healthy Food strategy: In this new generation, a new demand in the market has appeared. People are now craving for a healthy life and are more willing to purchase healthier food. Thus, on purpose of reaching customers’ new demand, McDonald’s had change their products from the traditional high-fat and oily food to food that contained lower calories and fat, as well as they had begun to provide some new choices of food, which are much healthier and more palatable, such as snack size fruit, walnut salad and yogurt parfait. (HubPages, 2012) Charity strategy: Ronald McDonald House Charities (RMDH) is one of the independent and egistered charities, whose mission is to provide comfort and safety place and environment for poor family and some ill or injured children. (McDonalds, 2012) There are some reasons why they built a charity. First of all, it is one of the unique strategies, which can make people feel that they have associated with the donation of the charity, after they purchased the food. Therefore, their reputation and population will increase in the mar ket and this will help McDonald creating a more positive image and change people’s rooted negative thought on fast food industry. Furthermore, RMDH can build up their brand name with co-operating with some charities to organize some activities. This is because it is one of the essential ways to let more people to be interested in McDonald’s. Thus, they can keep being one of the huge groups in the marketing share. Conclusion There is no doubt that McDonald’s is a successful company. The success of McDonald’s could be seen in the comprehensive and effective marketing research, the purposeful marketing mix created that satisfied customers needs and wants and the overwhelming competitor strategies, which helped McDonald’s to keep their market share. Reference: 1. Brassington, F. and Pettitt, S. , 2006. Principles of Marketing. England: Person Education Limited. 2. Clark, W. , 2012. Product Development Strategy for McDonald’s[online]. United Stated: Hearst Communications Inc.. Available from: http://smallbusiness. chron. com/product-development-strategy-mcdonalds-12207. html [Accessed 27 April 2012] 3. Hong, J. W. , 2009. Power of McDonald’s ‘Happy Meal’: Globalization of American Culture and Value. The Global Studies Journal. 2(2), pp. 143-154 4. Hubpages, 2012. Low Calorie and Healthy Choices at McDonald’s[online]. United State: HubPages Inc.. Available from: http://pbdietitian. hubpages. com/hub/low-calorie-and-healthy-choices-at-McDonalds [Accessed 22 April 2012] 5. McDonald’s, 2012. Ronald McDonald House Charities[online]. United Kingdom: McDonald’s. Available from: mcdonalds. co. uk/ukhome/Ourworld/Ronald-McDonald-House-Charities. html [Accessed 25 April 2012] 6. McDonald’s, 2012. Mission and Value[online]. United Kingdom: McDonald’s. Available from: aboutmcdonalds. com/mcd/our_company/mission_and_values. html [Accessed 23 April 2012] Yahoo! Contributor Network. , 2005. McDonald’s Strategic Marketing Mix. [online] http://voices. ahoo. com/mcdonalds-strategic-marketing-mix-372441. html? cat=4 7. R Q Amit Company, 2010. Marketing – McDonalds’ Style[online]. United State: R Q Amit Company. Available from: http://essayexpert. qapacity. com/financial-sucess/4604/marketing-mcdonalds-style/ [Accessed 25 April 2012]. 8. Salvam, P. , 2009. Expansion of McDonald’s to re gional markets. Management committee, 1, pp,1-10 9. The times 100. , 2012. The marketing process – A McDonald’s Restaurants case study. [online] http://businesscasestudies. co. uk/mcdonalds-restaurants/the-marketing-process/the-marketing-mix-and-market-research. html

Critical commentary about Ludwig Wittgenstein's view of 'hinge Essay

Critical commentary about Ludwig Wittgenstein's view of 'hinge propositions - Essay Example When what is considered known turns out to be false, it is a shattering experience that can change the perception of life and the worldview of those who are then enlightened by new truths. The idea of what is known is absolute is an important premise upon which entire belief systems are built. Wittgenstein, when he wrote about the theory of hinge propositions that ended up on a consolidated volume called On Certainty, he was searching for a way to eliminate scepticism from the general belief systems that exist within philosophy. Although the theory of hinge propositions appears to have a solution for the subject of scepticism, the idea that there can be ‘knowns’ has been historically refuted, changing the world view and the position of human beings through profound changes which prove that absolutes are not always absolutely true and are dependent upon cultural belief systems. There are many problems with the exploration that Wittgenstein has made on the concept of hinge propositions. In his search for an answer for scepticism, he made copious notes on the topic which is what have been put together in order to create the volume of work that is known as On Certainty. Moyal-Sharrock criticizes it as not being a work because it was never composed into a true book or volume, but rather it is a group of notes that are not well organized and they were never polished. Still, they have a thematic continuity that allows for an overall impression of the thoughts that Wittgenstein was having about certainty without the benefit of cohesion created by placing them together to form theoretical foundations.1 Prichard goes on to discuss how Wittgenstein is not trying to highlight something that is not accessible but is trying to shed light on what is familiar, creating a discourse on the nature of language and the way it is not only an activity, but a form of life. Language only has value as it is in use.2 How humans express their lives and what they know is centr al to creating socialization and culture, giving meaning and frameworks within which a certainty of knowing develops and creates a foundation for other theories and belief systems. Theory of Hinge Propositions The last year and a half of Ludwig Wittgenstein’s life produced a series of writing on philosophy that proposed great number ideas about the concept of what is known. As an example, Wittgenstein established that he knows that he has one hand and that he also has another. He established that â€Å"the earth existed a long time before my birth† as an assertion that this was another concept that was known (OC Preface). His purpose in bringing forward the ideas that seem so simple as truths was to create an awareness that there are always ideas that are a given and are the basis upon which theory is built. He states â€Å"That is to say, it belongs to the logic of our scientific investigations that certain things are in deed not in doubt† (OC  §342). He uses the idea of the hinge as a way to define what he means. He states â€Å"If I want the door to turn, the hinges must stay put† (OC  §343). In order to create inquiry, there are stabilities in belief that are maintained to make those theories work. There are absolutes that create a sense of stability upon which the world operates, those beliefs creating a solid platform from which to situate all other belief systems, some of which must then take leaps based

Project Proposal Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Project Proposal - Research Paper Example In the view that campaigning increases the chances of success, it follows that the larger the campaign budget, the more chances of winning. For example, president Obama used more than twice the amount used in the McCain campaign (Gardiner, 2010). There are other examples that demonstrate the relationship between campaign budgets and chances of success. Ideally, campaigning follows the same principles as advertisement. The more popular brands enjoy more exposure. In the private sector, advertisements have such a significant influence on consumers that it sometimes results in monopolies (Gardiner, 2010). People choose the popular brand, despite the availability of better brands, in terms of performance, at a cheaper price. In the same way, a case can be made for extensive campaigns influencing the decision of American citizens. Therefore, it follows that the more access to cash, coming from corporate, the better and the chances of winning. To reduce the impact of funding on candidates, the Supreme Court directed that all donations by corporate be made to political parties. The principle behind this provision was that the limited power of the donations on the presidential candidates would limit the power of the donators on him or her(Torole, 2010). However, Tarole proposes that this not be possible. A candidate is bound to know the supporters of their campaign and thus feel an element of debt towards them (Bebchuk & Jackson, 2010). c. Corporate are the biggest financial entities and they have access to virtually unlimited funds. This implies that if the relationship between campaign and success is linear, then corporate have the ability to instill presidents in