Prewriting Essay

1.   I would write about love because I feel love is a tree and romance is just one of its branches. There are other dimensions of love as well apart from romance. In the essay I would touch upon all these dimensions. Apart from love between a man and a woman, there is love between a teacher and a student, love between two friends, love between a man and his pet, love between a celebrity and his fans, love between siblings. I would touch upon all these dimensions of love in the essay. Then I would bring into focus the most divine form of love and that is the love between a mother and her child. I would elaborate on how unique this form of love is and it cannot die or change no matter how advanced the world becomes. I would write that the bond between a mother and her child is natural. This is because they are physically attached to each other for nine months. Due to the capacity of bearing children mothering instinct comes naturally to women. The intensity of this instinct might vary from person to person but it cannot be completely absent in a woman. A mother always prioritizes her child above herself. This selflessness is rare in all the other dimensions of love. I would also focus on the main concepts like jealousy, codependency, idealization, stereotyping etc. that involve different types of relations and would connect all these concepts to a mother-child relationship. This would help in understanding this divine attachment between two human beings in more depth. I would conclude the essay by weaving all the main points highlighted above into a string of points that would point towards the main idea that though there are many forms of love, the love between a mother and a child always excels above others. 2.   I would write about why we need gossip in our culture. I think that gossip is one of the necessities of human beings and all of us love to indulge in it whether consciously or unconsciously. But there are very few of us who like to accept our inclination to indulge in gossip. Even when we are gossiping about our classmates, colleagues, neighbors, celebrities, teachers etc. our conscious mind always tries to project ourselves as a person who does not indulge in this kind of lowly activities. In the essay I would like to focus on the fact that the intensity of our indulgence or love for gossip might differ from one person to another but just like other necessities like food, water, shelter etc. this also becomes one of our needs. I would write that one of the main reasons why some people gossip less when compared to others is because they have less time than the others in this fast paced world. In this context I would quote the example of the reality show, ‘Big Brother’ where the participants are not allowed anything other than the basic necessities and apart from food it is gossip that gives them the strength to survive in a controlled environment. I would write that no matter what the age or the background of the participants is every one uses this tool to ooze out his anger, distress or dissatisfaction. Some people start instantly while others take a little time to open up but ultimately every one engages in this activity. To conclude I would point out that all of us abhor the term gossip attached to our personalities. But in reality this should not be the case. We do not want to accept this important need of our existence because we relate only negative points to this activity. We should consider gossip as a way of socializing which is yet another important requirement of a healthy human mind. It helps in taking out the baggage that we carry in our inner self. However we should always try to indulge in healthy gossip instead of dirty gossip meant to malign others. In healthy gossip many people would be our friends while in the latter we will invite more foes. 3.   I would like to write about the changing attitude towards dating. Years ago dating was a taboo. Then it became an acceptable part of our society. Now it is indispensable for any relationship to bloom. The courtship period that comprises of dating and  calling cannot be imagined without these elements of love. In the essay I would write about changing attitude towards dating not only in the western culture but also in other cultures. There are a many cultures for, example in Asia, where interaction between girls and boys was not acceptable till recent times but since dating has become an integral part of western culture, these cultures are also getting influenced by this concept. The difference in the change of attitude in the  Asian countries compared to  the western  countries is that though it is being accepted the level of acceptance is lower in the Asian countries. I would highlight the point that how gradually dating has started being considered as a means of just spending a good time with the person towards whom one is romantically inclined unlike the yesteryears where it was considered a foundation of long term relationships. In the conclusion of the essay, I would write that courtship consists of dating but not vice versa. Where dating is just for fun, flirting is likely to be one of its components. 4.  Ã‚  I would like to write about anxiety disorder. In the beginning of the essay I would present an overview of the disease. I would mention that many disorders are collectively referred as anxiety disorder. These disorders are generalized anxiety disorder, post traumatic stress disorder, specific phobia, agoraphobia etc. In fact anxiety disorder is a blanket term that encompasses within itself different types of anxiety, fear, nervous condition or phobia. It can occur suddenly or gradually and can affect people of different age groups and genders. Then I would focus on the causes. Apart from the psychological causes, I would also touch upon the hereditary and genetic causes of the disease. This disease disrupts the day-to-day activities of the people suffering from it. I would write about the symptoms of anxiety disorders. For example there are psychological symptoms like social avoidance, depression, frustration, lack of concentration etc. Apart from that there are physical symptoms too, for example dizzy spells, fatigue, chest pain etc. This would throw light upon how it affects the people suffering from it. Apart from medication there are other things like good family atmosphere, indulgence in some constructive work and exercises that help in the recovery process. I would mention that the people suffering from it should be honest to the practitioners so that they  get cured in the right way.

Iom Report Essay

In November of 2010, the Institute of Medicine (IOM) delivered a report, â€Å" The Future of Nursing: Leading Change, Advancing Health†. The report looked in depth about the role that nurses should play in a changing healthcare system. The report explains about changes in the health care system and how the nurses should play a role in this transformation. The transformation mainly focuses on three aspects : education, practice and leadership. Since the healthcare system is advancing every day, it requires the nurses to become more advanced to meet the demands of the healthcare. The impact of the IOM report on nursing education is very significant. According to the article, â€Å"The IOM Advocates for Higher Education†, The report contains three key messages related to nursing. Part 1 of this series looked at IOM recommendations for transforming nursing practice. The second key message put forth by the IOM’s report on the future of nursing says that, â€Å"nurses should achieve higher levels of education and training through an improved education system that promotes seamless academic progression† The IOM believes that nurses must go for higher levels of education in order to reach the demands of the healthcare system. According to the IOM, the main reason why a higher level of education is necessary for nurses is because since the hospital care is becoming more complex, nurses must be able to make critical decisions. Nurses should gain more knowledge about the public health, geriatrics, leadership skills, improvements within the system, research and the health policy. Due to changes made in nursing overtime, the need for more changes in nursing practice is becoming more and more crucial. As stated in the IOM report, â€Å"†¦the changing landscape of the health care system and the changing profile of the population require that the system undergo a fundamental shift to provide patient-centered care; deliver more primary as opposed to specialty care; deliver more care in the community rather than the acute care setting; provide seamless care; enable all health professionals to practice to the full extent of their education, training, and competencies; and foster interprofessional collaboration. Achieving such a shift will enable the health care system to provide higher-quality care, reduce errors, and increase safety. Providing care in this way and in these areas taps traditional strengths of the nursing profession† (IOM report, pg 86-87). Transforming nursing practice will be an advantage in the future. It will improve quality and promote health care. The major intention included in this transformation is to provide patient care in all aspects. The transformation mainly focuses on primary care. Nurse practitioners , physicians, and physicians assistants provide the most care in this area. â€Å"Primary care brings promotion and prevention, cure and care together in a safe, effective and socially productive way at the interface between the population and the health system. The features of health care that are essential in ensuring improved health and social outcomes are person-centeredness, comprehensiveness and integration, and continuity care, with a regular entry into the health system, so that it becomes possible to build an enduring relationship of trust between people and their health care providers† (World Health Organization (WHO) Annual Report 2008). From reading the report, I can understand how interdisciplinary partnerships are very significant in providing care in our health system. In the psychiatric unit where I work, we are involved in the daily socio-economic realities of our patient’s lives. We make sure at all the times that the patients are provided care and we pay close attention to their well being. The IOM’s report has made me realize the importance of obtaining leadership qualities. I will expand my practice and pursue more leadership roles in an interdisciplinary healthcare team. This report has also made me to commit myself to a lifelong learning process. I will pursue advanced education and seek for higher levels of training and education. The IOM report gives a great emphasis in the need for leadership and how it is a vital quality for the transformation. Key Message #3 challenges the nurses to display partnership with other physicians and health professionals in healthcare. As written in the IOM report, â€Å"Strong leadership is critical if the vision of a transformed health care system is to be realized. Yet not all nurses begin their career with thoughts of becoming a leader. The nursing profession must produce leaders throughout the health care system, from the bedside to the boardroom, who can serve as full partners with other health professionals and be accountable for their own contributions to delivering high-quality care while working collaboratively with leaders from other health professions†(IOM report, pg 221). Nurses should develop a style of leadership in which they have to work health and collaborate with others. The IOM report calls for nurses to become effective leaders and to apply their leadership skills in their practice of nursing. As leaders, nurses should be able to manage staff and work system in order to meet the needs of the patients. Nurses must be able to make decisions quickly, communicate effectively, and cooperate with other nurses in the team. The IOM report of 2010 explains a lot about the future of nursing. It states in the report that the nurses need more training and education, opportunities to assume leadership roles and to change their ways of practice to meet the demands of the changing health care system. The report tells us that nurses should explore more about the challenges and opportunities in the profession of nursing. Nurses should pursue higher education in order to give quality and safety care to the patients. The patient’s satisfaction is the most important factor in nursing practice.

The Impact of Mass Media on the Opinion of General Public Case Study

The Impact of Mass Media on the Opinion of General Public - Case Study Example In disseminating the information we should understand that in any elections the people to be elected are expected to possess the following qualities:- Since we have reduced the requirement of the people, about a candidate, to two basic things mentioned above, these things should take most of our concentration/coverage in our newspaper. We should start by focusing on the quality issues1 which had been constantly coming up in the letters written to us. Most likely these issues will be the focus of the campaigners too. Therefore, we should focus on the issues which each candidate is addressing and how he plans to address them, to the maximum. This should take the maximum of our effort. The above approach will take us directly to certain issues which are important in the light of the feelings communicated through letters to us but are not being addressed. We have to point that out for the benefit of both the parties i.e. for campaigners and for voters. For campaigners in a sense that our pointing out the issues will help the campaigners to re-orientate themselves (if at all they want to) and start preparing to address the more urgent issues, resultantly it will be the voter who will benefit.

PetSmart Inc Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

PetSmart Inc - Research Paper Example The first step is to deal with the demographics. Just as the above section has put it, it is beyond doubt that the population of blacks and Hispanics is on the rise within our country. A good business is one that manages to keep its current crop of customers as well as bring in new ones. PetSmart Inc. should put in plans aimed at increasing their customer base among the two named communities (Podberscek 5). They can achieve this by aggressively marketing the services they offer to the Hispanic population as well as those of black origin. Still under the demographics aspect, I presume true the fact that the dream of every one is to have a family. This is because a family provides us with the sense of belonging. More often than not when families grow in number, they tend to do away with the pets they used to keep (Podberscek 8). This act can spell doom for PetSmart Inc. PetSmart Inc. should employ education in order to ensure that they find a way out (Williams 7). I presume true the fa ct that the American people at large would not have accomplished all that we have if we were rigid. It is for that reason that I believe that PetSmart Inc. should embark on a campaign to encourage people to be flexible and continue keeping the pets even as the families grow. After all, even the pets need to have some sense of belonging. Another area that PetSmart Inc. ... PetSmart Inc. should charge highly those who desire high quality services and at the same time offer moderate services for the average earners. This will make the customers get value for their money. At the same time, it will avert the possibility of PetSmart Inc. not offering their services to a customer if he falls short of the price (Williams 17). The section above introduced the aspect of competition by mentioning Petco. The pet industry is no doubt a business for the future. At the same time, it is important note that several other companies will spring up within the same industry (Podberscek 2). How can PetSmart handle the present and future competition to ensure that they dominate the industry? One-step that they should take is diversification in the pets they sell and the services they offer. The diversification in both will enable the customers prefer their stores because they will be offering all under one roof (Figure 24). To ensure that they dominate the industry in the y ears to come, I will borrow a leaf from other world brands. Take Apple Inc. as an example, it has used its various products to form a large and loyal customer base. In like manner, PetSmart should put up a brand for pet food. This brand will enable the customers embrace most of the services they offer. The overall effect will be that the customer base will be immense and it will be able to beat off competition that other companies provide. The previous section mentions that PetSmart Inc. classifies its customers based on the frequency at which they visit the store. We all know that for a business to keep bringing in constant profits, its customers must always go and come again (Williams 19). In the entire business world, most

Tidball's Category of Churches (Discussion) Assignment

Tidball's Category of Churches (Discussion) - Assignment Example Indeed these classifications of church made by Tidball (2008) bears some substance because their existence has confirmed their legitimacy. The main theme of his book is to lay emphasis on the importance of church in mission today as well as ministry today. In the present times, various churches have become endangered due to their dispersed geographical location around the world. Not all cultures are welcoming and may show hostility towards church expansion or ministry work. In any case, the functioning of a ministry is greatly impacted by the culture in which it operates. Culture is an important factor when considering how a ministry operates in a particular environment. The cultural context plays a dominant role because churches operating in different circumstances and settings are characterized by a specific pattern of functionality. This pattern of operation may be distinct in many cases and thus, culturally driven churches are likely to have a different model of working. What Tidball (2008) has tried to communicate is that the cultural context is significant in determining the specific model being followed in a particular church. The endangered church is widely reflected in the Epistle of Jude and 2 Peter. Similarly, references of a despised church and compromised church are present in 1 Peter and John’s letters respectively. Tidball (2008) has explored ministry quite extensively as they are referenced in the New Testament. Tidball (2008) has laos considered the cultural and environmental context in which they operated where they sometimes involved an unwelcoming atmosphere. The main point which Tidball (2008) has tried to explain is that ministry work should be guided by the gospels and the New Testament. The New testament contains a wide range of cultural environments where churches operated during a particular period of time. Hence,

My Journey to outer space Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

My Journey to outer space - Essay Example My presence on the spaceship put me in a state of shock but gradually I adapted to the situation. The spaceship was headed towards the planet Saturn where the team members of my crew were to witness certain changes in the outer shell of the planet. This change was considered to have happened because of a reported explosion. I wandered around the spaceship and was delighted by seeing objects and machines that I had never seen. Despite of being in a different place, I started to like my surroundings. My attention drifted to one of my crew members, Ronald, who was sitting around a table that had navigation and mapping devices. The charm of those devices attracted me towards Ronald and lured me to ask the meaning of the terminologies that he was mentioning to the pilot of the ship. Later, it was Ronald and the pilot who explained to me that the term light year and Parsec were both units of length and that the spaceship had to travel 4.28 light years to reach Saturn and to ascertain the distance, a method referred to as parallax was used. During our journey, I witnessed different stars, meteors and asteroids. Few of the celestial bodies that I witnessed glowed in such a way that it displayed a red shade; this was referred to as Red shift in the astronomical language. When I first heard about the distance I thought that it would take many years to reach the destination but within a few hours, I heard an announcement which stated that we were approaching our destination. I was really looking forward to step on Saturn but at that particular moment, I fell with a thud on the floor and my eyes opened. I realized that it was just a

The Concept of Business Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Concept of Business Strategy - Essay Example The arrangement of the five forces varies across different industries. For instance, in the commercial airline industry, stiff competition exists between Boeing and Airbus, the power of suppliers, threat of entry and the threat of substitutes are weak while the power of suppliers is strong. In the movie theatre sector, the increase of entertainment and the influence of distributors and movie producers and inputs are significant. The first component in the tool refers to supplier power and refers to the ease of suppliers to lead to changes in prices. This is influenced by the number of suppliers in at each point of production, the cost of switching between suppliers, the power they have over companies and the uniqueness of the product or service. The less the supplier options that are present in an industry, the more power the consumers have. The second aspect of the Porter Five-tool is buyer power and it relates to how easy it is for consumers to lead to a reduction in prices. This i s influenced by the number of buyers, the cost of their decision to switch to other products and services and the value of each customer to the organization. Companies that deal with a relative number of powerful buyers, they have a huge impact on them.The third aspect is competitive rivalry and this relates to the number and ability of the competitors. If a company has a high number of competitors that offer better products and services then, the company has minimal power over the situation.

Impact of work life imbalance on the productivity of workers in Saudi Essay - 7

Impact of work life imbalance on the productivity of workers in Saudi public sector - Essay Example Secondly, Dr Claire Armstrong, my supervisor, whose guidance, academic and professional commitments allowed me to overcome the obstacles. In addition, I would note the name of Dr. Christine Cross who is my course leader. With his supervision and assistance, I was able to develop a broader vision to develop my understanding. Also, I would like to thank my parents and family who supported me throughout my working period. Finally, friends who have been there to stay motivated and perform well even under pressure. It is to invite you to participate in the study that is conducted to determine the impacts of work life imbalance on the productivity of workers in Saudi. The main purpose of this study is to determine the impacts of work imbalances and its influences on the performance of the workers in the region. It shall investigate how the workplace affects the performance of employees. The participants that were selected for the project were mainly the workers in the different public sectors(Baisai & Madondo, 2013). However, your participation shall be greatly appreciated; it is up to you to participate in the

Land law coursework Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Land law coursework - Essay Example The law in general can take various forms like land law, property law, criminal law, constitutional law and administrative law among others. The rule of law, as is has been perceived, is always better for the society compared to the law of any individual. It is observed in the case that Teresa has won a huge sum in the lottery. She decides to make certain investment with the amount that she has own. With that intention, she purchases a Splendour House at the middle of the town. The house that Teresa has purchased was in the sole name of James. As it is said in the case that house was duly transferred to Teresa’s name in the month of August of 2009 and was also registered in her name. Therefore, as it applies from the course of events that it is a mere straight forward case in favour of the new owner, Teresa. But that is not the case. There are three different parties involved those have interest with the Splendour House and they claim to have certain rights upon the house. Roberta is the step mother of James. Though step mother, it seems from the case that she has stable relationship with James, the previous owner of the Splendour House. Roberta has been an independent and wealthy lady by herself. Her relationship with the house is that she often comes to the house to stay as and when she feels that she needs a break from her husband, Edward, as they are not having the best of the relations. Her interest of the house is also guided by the fact that she had contributed almost 25 % of the purchase price at the time of the purchase of the house by James. Also, it is clarified that an express trust was drawn up for her interest. Now the question is that whether Roberta still holds her right even after the house is sold to Teresa. Though, Roberta helped James while the purchase of the house but the fact is that the house was in the sole name of James. There is no legal document

Death of Salesman Analysis Essay Example for Free

Death of Salesman Analysis Essay Women assume various roles in Arthur Miller’s Death of a Salesman. Mainly we find them in the home, or the â€Å"workplace†. For us, they serve as windows to observe and formulate an opinion of the main character, Willy Loman and his boys Happy and Biff. For reference, the women include, Linda Loman (Willy’s wife) the boy’s childhood and current girls/women, â€Å"The Woman† (Willy’s mistress), and Jenny (Charley’s secretary). Notably, there are several aspects that unify these women. First, they are subordinate to the men; second, they are emotionally or materially dependent; third, the men are mutually dependent on the women for emotional or physical needs; and fourth, they serve as male ego supporters. Moreover, the women are portrayed as weak. Granted, societal views of women’s roles have drastically changed over the past seven decades, the women’s characters in Death of Salesman have not. Miller skillfully navigates us through the past and present in order to capture a complete image of Willy’s life. I will attempt to do the same with Linda Loman. I selected her because of her distinctive propensity to be overly protective of Willy. My intention is not to understate the relevance of the other women. Yet, my focus on Linda is based on my opinion that she is the central female figure and best ambassador to reveal Willy’s dynamic nature. Willy: â€Å"You’re my foundation and support, Linda.† (1216) We are introduced to Linda in the present. For the time and even for today, she is the ideal American wife. Caring, nurturing, supportive, and loyal to her husband and children. Yet, today, one may say overly supportive. A captive of the time period, she is limited; and therefore, emotionally and financially dependent on her husband. While here, we are able to feel her comforting and sheltering nature. She selflessly protects Willy from his insecure thoughts, his children, and acknowledging his financial failures. Yet, she cannot guard him from his depression and suicidal attempts and ideations. The scene opens with Willy prematurely returning from a sales trip. He is explaining to Linda that he could not maintain mental focus and that the car kept veering off onto the shoulder of the road. As we will come to know, she is well aware that Willy’s mental status is declining. She deflects the blame by saying, â€Å"Oh. Maybe it was the steering again. I don’t think Angelo knows the Studebaker.† (1213) Willy accepts responsibility, â€Å"No, it’s me†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (1214) Nonetheless, she continues to divert the cause by saying, â€Å"Maybe it’s your glasses†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (1214) Her well-intended effort to be supportive is unfortunately enabling Willy’s serious â€Å"nervous breakdown† to be ignored. In the literary sense, it is an example of situational irony. Her intention to be helpful is not actually helping. For us, it is in this moment with Linda, that we immediately realize that Willy is undergoing serious internal and exter nal stress. It is manifesting into depression, mumbling, mental and physical wandering, and severe depression. It will proliferate throughout the play, and tragically, be the cause of his final decision. During their conversation we are also introduced to the adult boys, Biff and Happy. Linda informs Willy that the boys are both sleeping, and that, â€Å"Happy took Biff on a date tonight.† (1214) The report automatically generates interest in Willy. Which, we can translate to mean, Willy is in favor of his boys being in the company of women. As the conversation continues we are made aware of the tension that exists between Willy and his oldest son, Biff. As well, Linda let’s us know that Willy has a temper. She tells him, â€Å"You shouldn’t have criticized him, Willy, especially after he just got off the train. You mustn’t lose your temper with him.† (1215) For me, his temper is validated by his response, â€Å"When the hell did I lose my temper?† (1215) Typically, a non-temperamental person would not respond in that manner. As they continue on the topic of Biff, we get the first glimpse of Willy’s contradictory nature. At one moment Willy says, â€Å"Biff is a lazy bum!† (1215) While in a follow up comment he says, â€Å"Biff Loman is lost. In the greatest country in the world a young man with such—personal attractiveness, gets lost. And such a hard worker. There’s one thing about Biff—he’s not lazy.† (1215) Well, which is it? Is Biff lazy, or not? Willy’s contradictory tendency will be further exemplified. I find a touch of comical irony, when prior to going to the kitchen, for a glass of milk, he asks, â€Å"Why am I always being contradicted? (1215) While in the kitchen, we go back in time with Linda and Willy. We see that her support of Willy has endured the test of time, as have his inconsistencies. The younger Linda asks, â€Å"Did you sell anything?† (1224) At first Willy says, â€Å"I did five hundred gross in Providence and seven hundred gross in Boston.† (1224) Linda wants to tabulate his commission so she retrieves a pencil and paper from her apron pocket. She â€Å"number-crunches† and replies, â€Å"Two hundred—my God! Two hundred and twelve dollars!† (1225) Once he realizes that there will be an expectation to produce that money, he back-peddles and says, â€Å"Well, I didn’t figure it yet, but†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (1225) She is persistent, â€Å"How much did you do?† Then a more realistic figure emerges, â€Å"Well, I—I did—about a hundred and eighty gross in Providence. Well, no—it came to—roughly two hundred gross on the whole trip.† (1225) As easily as Linda can do the math, so can we. Willy’s original report claims approximately 1,200 gross. When realistically his entire trip probably netted 200 gross. If we are inclined to believe that estimate as honest, he has overinflated his sales by six times the actual amount. After realizing that the actual commission amount is not enough to cover the monthly expenses, a dialogue ensues that reveals another incongruence and his insecurity. Willy states, â€Å"Oh, I’ll knock them dead next week. I’ll go to Hartford. I’m very well liked in Hartford. You know, the trouble is Linda, people don’t seem to take to me.† (1225) Again, in the same sentence he contradicts himself. I think we can all relate to feeling â€Å"less than† at some point in our lives. Since, I know I can, his previous and following statement elicits empathy on my part. He claims that people are laughing at him when he goes to his sales calls. He doesn’t know the reason, he is just aware. Linda’s perpetual support of Willy continues, â€Å"Oh, don’t be foolish† and â€Å"Why? Why would they laugh at you? Don’t talk that way, Willy†. (1225) She continues to console him and coddles his fragile ego by replying, â€Å"But you’re doing wonderful, dear. You’re making seventy to a hundred dollars a week.† (1225) There is something to admire about her positive outlook. Willy continues to share his feelings about his diminished sense of self-worth. This time, it comes from his critique of his physical image, â€Å"I’m fat. I’m very foolish to look at, Linda. I didn’t tell you, but Christmas time I happened to be calling on F.H. Stewarts, and a salesman I know, as I was going in to see the buyer, I heard him say something about—walrus. And I—I cracked him right across the face. I won’t take that. I simply will not take that. But they do laugh at me. I know that†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (1226) I would like to draw your attention to the opening scene where Linda cautions Willy about his temper. We are now in the past, and we have a tangible example of Willy’s temper. In this case, it has even erupted into violence. Linda doesn’t even bat an eye when he tells her that he hit someone. Instead, she is the constant pillar that supports his ego, â€Å"Willy, darling, you’re the handsomest man in the worl d—† (1226) Really, Linda? I can’t imagine my husband telling me he hit someone and not be compelled to probe him further about the incident. Through Willy’s reminiscent daydreams, we hear the laughter of a woman, who will later be revealed as â€Å"The Woman†, his mistress. (1226) Willy has just added another criteria to analyze him against. He is unfaithful to his committed and loving wife. Until now, I could sympathize with Willy’s insecurities, even understand his need to overinflate his earnings and maybe even relate to his temper. But, positioned against my own moral standards, I don’t care for a womanizer. Nor would I make an exception if the roles were reversed. He pulls away from the memory and declares, â€Å"You’re the best there is, Linda, you’re a pal, you know that?Ã'  On the road—on the road I want to grab you sometimes and just kiss the life outa you.† (1226) Anyone who understands simple psychology realizes that it is guilt that moves him to profess affection for his wife. Yet, a key term he uses provides insight to how he actually views her, â€Å" you’re a pal†. These words cannot be misconstrued to mean: I love you, you mean the world to me, and I can’t wait to rush home to you. As a matter of fact, he retreats into his memories and we spend time with â€Å"The Woman†. In this brief moment we can conclude that his mistress provides an outlet when he’s on the road, she fuels his ego, and she suits his purpose by being able to send him directly into the buyers. In return, he fulfills her material need for stockings. (1227) Back from his memory of â€Å"The Woman†, we are still in the past where he is remembering a scene of Linda mending her stockings. He commands her to throw them away. Although we already know Biff and Happy from their own earlier dialogues and Willy’s memories (which I did not address), it is here that Linda provides insight into younger Biff. She tells Willy that Biff must return a football that he stole from the school, and that he is also too rough with the neighborhood girls. (1227) Willy is annoyed with Biff and he explodes at Linda when she urges him to do something about Biff’s behavior. (1228). It is important to know, all of Willy’s past memories and mumblings have occurred while he went down to the kitchen for that glass of milk. Finally, we arrive at the kitchen, in the present. This part does not include Linda. Yet, I find it important to include because this exchange contains a missed opportunity. Not that there weren’t several others. Happy comes down to check on Willy. He finds his father mumbling, and out of concern and sadness, Happy tells him that he will financially provide for the rest of Willy’s life. In expressing his frustration with Happy’s claim to â€Å"retire† him for life, Willy makes an explicit cry for help, â€Å"You’ll retire me for life on seventy goddam dollars a week? And your women and your car and your apartment, and you’ll retire me for life! Christ’s sake, I couldn’t get past Yonkers today! Where are you guys, where are you? The woods are burning! I can’t drive a car!† (1228) And there it is! A desperate, agonizing plea for attention, ‘Where are you guys? The woods are burning!’. He realizes his condition, he is begging to be acknowledged, begging for attention, and begging for help! He feels alone in his suffering. I could imagine his desperation, and we would not be human if we too did not feel his pain. The neighbor, Charley enters, and Happy is sent away. In the interest of focusing on Linda, we will fast forward through this part. Yet, during Charley’s visit and through Willy’s memories, we meet an influential character in Willy’s life (his successful brother Ben). Charley leaves after a heated round of cards. Yet, we remain in the kitchen while Willy heads outside. Linda comes looking for Willy in the kitchen. Both boys come down to discuss their father’s apparent troubling condition. Instead of addressing it, she scolds them both for being judgmental of their father. Happy transfers his anger onto Biff and blames his father’s condition on Biff’s failures. This scene foreshadows the underlying trouble between Biff and his father. Linda asks Biff, â€Å"Why are you so hateful to each other? Why is that?† (1235) Biff is reluctant to admit that he is resentful towards his father. She cautions that one day the boys will try to come home and there will be strangers in the house. Biff replies, â€Å"What are you talking about? You’re not even sixty, Mom.† She reminds him that his father is not doing well and goes on to say, â€Å"Biff, dear, if you don’t have any feeling for him, then you can’t have any feeling for me.† (1235) This is an endearing symbol that all families are interconnected, and we each play an integral role. In a passionate plea she proclaims, â€Å"You can’t just come to see me, because I love him.† She goes on to acknowledge Willy’s character flaw, â€Å"I know he’s not easy to get along with—nobody knows that better than me—but†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (1235) Willy enters the kitchen and he is delighted to see Biff. His erratic behavior is puzzling, and Biff asks, â€Å"What the hell is the matter with him?† Linda defends Willy, as if from a physical threat, â€Å"Don’t—don’t go near him!† Out of disgust, Biff snaps, â€Å"Stop making excuses for him! He always, always wiped the floor with you. Never had an ounce of respect for you.† (1235) This is a loaded, emotional and hurtful comment. But, we will easily unpack why Biff feels that his father has not cherished his mother. Another scene, that does not directly involve Linda, is a mandatory addition. Nearing the end, we come to know that the younger Biff caught his father with â€Å"The Woman† in a hotel, while his father was on a business trip. (1267) The experience grants Biff a moment of clarity, it also permanently shatters his image of his father. Ultimately, she is the measure that Biff judges his father by. In that hotel room, the reality of his father’s pretentious persona crystallizes. He calls him a liar, and a fake. (1268) We will come to understand that this pivotal moment created a fissure that could never be filled. Inevitably, it altered the chain of events in Biff and Willy’s lives, not to mention Linda’s. They remain distant from that moment forward. Poor Linda is never directly told about the affair, which is the sole reason of why Biff resents his father, and the ultimate reason that has caused Willy to be so depressed. The most important detail I have saved for last. As I first claimed, I found Linda to be the most important woman that brings Willy into perspective for us. Early on, Linda confesses to her boys that Willy has deliberately smashed the car on two separate occasions, (1237) and that she has found a hose in the basement that he intended to connect to a gas line. Just prior she delivers a very heartfelt command to her boys. For us, Linda sums Willy up, â€Å"Willy Loman never made a lot of money. His name was never in the paper. He’s not the finest character that ever lived. But he’s a human being, and a terrible thing is happening to him. So attention must be paid. He’s not to be allowed to fall into his grave like an old dog. Attention, attention must be finally paid to such a person.† (1236) There we have it, Willy has attempted suicide and continues to be tormented with his ideations. Unfortunately, his final suicide attempt is successful. What a strange word, ‘successful’ can be when used to describe death by suicide. But, in Willy’s mind, through death he could attain financial success, make a lasting impression with his sons (mainly Biff) another form of success to Willy, leave 20K for Linda (huge success), and have everyone acknowledge him with a big â€Å"send off† (success in the form of recognition). As we know, in the end, it did not play out that way. The few people in attendance did not view his death as a success. What he left behind was pain.

Profiling And Investigating Serious Crimes Criminology Essay

Profiling And Investigating Serious Crimes Criminology Essay The attempt to locate an offender is one of the most important functions of a criminal investigation, geographic profiling is based on the assumption that victim selection is spatially biased toward an offenders home location. It will also explore the strengthens, weakness and the criticisms of geographic profiling. In order to do this it will critical analyse the theoretical underpinnings of geographical profiling, such as: rational activity theory; crime pattern theories. The rational activity theory is based on the idea that an offenders perceptions of the environment is very important in the decision making process. Is important to include the least effort principle, is based on the idea that an offender is more likely to act on the first or the closest opportunity. Crime pattern theory is based on the idea that an offender emphasizes the interaction of awareness of space or mental map of the spatial surroundings, and the distribution of suitable targets. According to Cohen and F elson (1979) this type of decision are not chosen randomly. This essay, will consider potential difficulties which may occur though the use of techniques in geographic profiling. It will also look at the use of statistical programmes to analyse spatial behaviour, and it will take into consideration the reliability, validity and utility of the application of this method. It will also exam the Rail Rapist case to illustrate how effective geographic profiling techniques it will be compared one of the best-known offender profiling failures in Britain which was the case of Rachel Nickell in 1992. According to Rossmo (1995, cited in Canter and Young, 2008, p.97) geographical profiling is a method through which target location patterns of serial violent offenders are used to establish spatial information about the offender, generally about the location of future offences or the offenders residence. Rossmos (1995, cited in Canter and Young, 2008) method of offender profiling tends to emphasize cases of serial nature only (i.e. murder, rape, arson, bombings). However, Ainsworth (2001, p.87) argues that: This technique will only be truly effective when the police have accurate data on each and every crime in a series. If not all crimes are recorded accurately, or are not recorded as having been committed by the same perpetrator, the technique will be much less useful. Geographic profiling can be seen as an outcome of environmental criminology, which tend to focus on how the perpetrators and their targets come across each other in time and space, this approach has little interest on the offenders motivations to engage in such activities (Bottoms and Wiles, 1992). Environmental criminology owes much to the concepts of social geography, particularly that of cognitive mapping; the process by which individuals learn about, remember and use knowledge about an area (Brantingham and Brantingham, 1984; Canter and Young, 2008). However, Rossmo (1999, p.88) indicates that this is not fully the case and proposes that: The representation is of the individuals subjective image of place (not a conventional map) and not only includes knowledge of features and spatial relationships but also reflects the individual preferences for attitudes towards places. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ The product of this process, at any point in time, is a mental or cognitive map and can be shown cartographically as a perception surface. In this way individuals store subjective information about their spatial environment; every individual has their own mental map which is developed from their childhood to adult life, as they become more experienced the more extensive their internal map is going to be. Furthermore, most offenders prefer to carry out their activities in very familiar areas and through their routine daily activities, such as: where they work, friends and family homes, where they socialize, previous home address) individuals are likely to become very familiar with their neighbourhood, in this context an offender has to know well particular area before he decided to act (Rossmo, 1998). It is clear that some types of offences happen more often in certain places and at certain times. Furthermore, Cohen and Felson (1979) suggests that routine activity theory is based on the idea of that for a crime to be committed there must be a motivated offender, a suitable target and the absence of a suitable guardian against a violation. The implication is that, the manipulation of any of these elements will change peoples behaviour and also might prevent crime. Another factor which can strongly influence crime site choices is known by psychologists as the least effort principle or known by geographers as nearness principle. The principle of least effort, might suggest that people restrict their outputs of energy, both mental and physical, the minimum compatible with achieving his ends (Martinet, 1962, p.139). For example, people tend to go to nearby shops wherever possible, and they are less likely to visit relatives or friends that live far away, this is because of the time and effort involved in the journey from their own homes to their destination. However, if people have something in particular or special to buy they are willing to make an effort to go somewhere else to get it, even if that means travel longer than usual, the same principle applies to offenders they are also willing to travel longer distances, if the reward is greater. One of the strengths of crime place theories is that it can be easily used to assist police investigations, for example, Rossmo (1995) has suggested that a careful consideration of the exact location of a series of crime can be helpful in identifying the most likely area in which an offender lives or works. The aim of geographic profiling is not to give the specific identity of the offender; instead the aim is to narrow the field of the investigation and suggest the type of person who committed the crime (Douglas et al, 1986). Rossmos (1995) work established that a computer mapping system known as Criminal Geographic Targeting (CGT), which assesses the spatial characteristics of a crime based on these principles, could indicate the area in which a serial offender is likely to be living. Rossmo (1995) indicates that the crucial constants and exponents in the decay functions on which his software is built are empirically determined. The programme predictive power is related to the numb er of crime sites, and the more sites the better. However, Rossmo (1995) does not provide full information on what the empirical basis of this determination is nor does he make it clear if the same exponent is used in all calculations. As Turvey (1999) suggests, geographical profiling, like trait analysis or future crime prediction, relies heavily on a particular manifestation of behaviour for example, offence location selection) and attempts to infer meaning from the overall emotional context. He believes that, geographical profiling cannot differentiate between two similar offenders working in the same area and might wrongly allocate crimes to the wrong person. As an implication, it can make the Criminal Justice System ineffective. Therefore, this type of technique can be only truly effective when the police have an accurate data of each and every case of crime in series. To support Rossmos (1995) arguments of the success of geographic profiling, this essay it will exam at the case of John Duffy the so called railway rapist (cited in Ainsworth, 2001, p.9). Duff had committed a series of rapes and three murders in the Greater London area between 1983 and 1986, the police resources devoted to the task of solving these crimes were enormous, yet little real progress had been made in the hunt for the attacker. Psychologist Canter (1994) cited in Ainsworth (2001) was called in to aid the police investigation, Canter had little to go in terms of where to start, yet he used a number of psychological principles and sifted though the large amount of data collected by the police. He eventually, produced a profile of the sort of individual whom he felt the police should be looking for. Canter suggested that the attacker lived in the area near to area of first crime; probably live with a woman; in his mid to late 20s; right-handed; semi-skilled or skilled job with weekend work; great knowledge of railway; had previous criminal record (maybe arrested between October 1982 and January 1984). It turned out that the offender lived in the area suggested by Canter; aged late 20s; recently separated from his wife; right-handed; travelling carpenter employed by British Rail. Canter (1994), believes that through the crime essential clues are left behind and the unique personality of the offender shows through in some ways. Thus, it is thought that the way in which the crime is committed is in part a reflection of the everyday behaviour of the individual. Ainsworth (2001, p.95) points out, that considering the case of John Duffy, we can see how a detailed knowledge of the patterns of his crimes was helpful in understanding his behaviour. Canter (1994), was able to establish that the three first crimes formed a triangle within which he probably lived. In contradiction, one of the best-known offender profiling failures in Britain was the case of Rachel Nickell. Rachel Nickell was a young woman who was brutally murdered in mid-morning while walking on Wimbledon Common in south London in July 1992. As part of the investigation into the killing, a profile was commissioned from Paul Britton, a clinical psychologist (cited in Ormerod, 1995). A suspect was eventually identified and it was noted that he seemed to fit the profile well. An elaborate operation, drawing partly but not only on the profile, was put together in which a police woman befriended the socially isolated and inadequate suspect, offering the promise of an intimate relationship in exchange for descriptions of his sexual fantasies and a confession that he murdered the woman on the Common. The confession was not forthcoming, but he was still arrested. The case fell apart because of the lack of evidence and because the psychological profile did not work in this case. As an implication, geographical profiling involves objective measures, it still relies on individual interpretation, which makes it subject to the interpreters knowledge and expertise. The Duffy example shows that in some cases but not all, profiling can be beneficial, however it not right to assume that the results are always going to be successful in every single case. Holmes and Holmes believe that offender profiling tend to be more useful when there is a psychopathology involved, for example; a sadistic assault, and go even further by stating that: Profiling has three major goals. These attempt to provide the criminal justice system with information, especially; first, a social and psychological of the offender; second, a psychological evaluation of possessions found with suspected offenders; third, consultation with law enforcement officials on the strategies which might best be employed when investigating suspects. (Holmes and Holmes, 1999, p.156) It is very difficult to predict when a case is going to be successful or not, however even if a profiler proves to be fifty per cent correct, how can this be counted as success or failure? And what if any other information used in the investigation provided by a profiler it helps in catching a criminal is this considered successful?, even if the rest of the information provided have no use for the investigation? To conclude, this essay has provided relative information about how geographic offender profiling and criminal mapping have to offer to its practitioners. This idea of crime mapping it can be seen as relatively new, and have been only made possible thanks to the introduction of software programmes such as, Criminal Geographic Targeting (CGT), however some authors suggested that crime mapping is experiencing a large amount of interest among professional and academics. This essay considered how important the relationship between crime, space and time are which can be seen as strength or a criticism at the same time, because it moves away from the offender and focus in the location where crime occurs. However, as suggested in this essay, is very difficult to collect a complete accurate picture, this approach tends to rely on exact amount of data collected by the police, sometimes public may not report the crime accurately or not report it at all or even the police might also fail to record or even miss-record crime on its real location. Another criticism is that while geographical profiling involves objective measures, it still relies on individual interpretation, which makes it subject to the interpreters knowledge and expertise. It is clear that some offences happen more often in certain places and at certain times, and the way in which crime occur is rarely random, is important to have a better understanding of why offenders tend to offend in particular places at certain time. By examining the Railway Rapist case is obvious that a better understanding of patterns of his crime helped Canter to establish a profile, however is important to establish that geographic profiling is not always successful. The way in which individuals store subjective information about their spatial environment; every individual has their own mental map which is developed from their childhood to adult life, as they become more experienced the more extensive their internal map is going to be.

Risk Assessment: Putting a Price on Human Life Essay -- Essays Papers

Risk Assessment: Putting a Price on Human Life Thesis: In the area of risk assessment society struggles, sometimes irrationally, with the value of human life, hoping someday to reach a reasonable balance between cost and effect of saving lives. From the day that each person is born, there is only one fate that everybody can be sure of: some day s/he is going to die. No one can know exactly how or when that is going to happen. Unlike the certainty of death, no one can predict if that newly born individual seeing the outside world for the first time is going to be rich, pretty or happy. Nobody can say if that person is going to get married some day and raise children. The only conclusion that all can reach with absolute assurance is that this child is predestined, like all living creatures in this world, to die some day. In spite of the inevitability of death, it is amazing to see how hard society and individuals try to avoid this unavoidable destiny. Life is customarily considered of utmost value for every one. But at the same time people put their lives in danger each day, actually, several times a day. From the time one gets up in the morning and turns on the light, s/he is exposed to the risk of electrocution that claims 500 lives each year in the U.S. alone (Wilson, 1979). Taking a shower in the morning brings the risk of a fall and cranial trauma that is responsible for five of each 100,000 deaths in the U.S. each year (Viscusi, Vernon and Harrington 1992). The breakfast in the U.S. commonly sets unhealthful food on the table, rich in fat or sodium both elements responsible for a large amount of heart disease, the number one cause of death in the world. Driving to work, taking a bus or riding a bicycle all contain ri... ...ce:your Money Or Your Life?" Reply. {Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes} Sep. 1997: 355-73. Pearce, Fred. "Global Row over Value of Human Life." {New Scientist} 19 Aug. 1995: 7. Radford, Tim. "Juggling Life's Comical Odds." {The Guardian} 12 Aug. 1995: 14-15. Singer, Marcos. {Decisiones Estrategicas Y Teoria De Juegos}. Santiago: Universidad Catolica, 1998. Viscusi, W., J. Vernon, and J. Harrington. {Economics of Regulation and Antitrust}. 2nd ed. Cambridge, Massachussetts: The MIT Press, 1995. Wang, X. T. "Framing Effects:dynamics and Task Domains." {Organizational Behaviour and Human Decision Process} Nov. 1996: 145-57. Wilson, Richard. "Analyzing the Daily Risk of Life." {Technology Review} Feb. 1979: 41-46. Wilson, Richard, and E. A. C. Crouch. "Risk Assessment and Comparison: An Introduction." {Science} 17 Apr. 1987: 267-70.

Future of an Illusion by Sigmund Freud Essay -- Future Illusion Sigmun

Future of an Illusion by Sigmund Freud In his book Future of an Illusion, Sigmund Freud utilizes his method of psychoanalysis on religion by comparing the relationship between human and religion to that of a child and his parents. Freud effectively demonstrates that religion is a product of the human mind. After exposing religion as a an illusion, Freud concludes that humanity will be better off when it has forgone religion. This paper will argue that Freud's assertion that religion is an illusion is correct because of it's blatantly traceable evolution through the history of the human civilization and psyche.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The first argument that Freud makes in his assault on religion regards civilization. Freud argues that human civilization arose as a result of mankind's needs to protect itself from nature. "It was precisely because of these dangers with which nature threatens us that we came together and created civilization." (Freud, 19) As a result of the need for organization and manpower to prepare defenses against nature, the instincts of man had to be controlled. He furthers this argument by saying that two human traits, laziness and the unwilling nature of the masses to listen to reason, are responsible for the necessity of the rule of law. Freud then describes the various methods of oppression that can be employed by civilization to halt instinctual privation. The most important of which he points out as being religion.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The main reason that Freud ranks rel...

Commentary On The Road Not Tak :: essays research papers

The poem is basically about a person who has at some point in his life been posed with a question of which path to take. Obviously, there would be a dilemma on his part and the poem revolves around his decision. Frost’s narrative style has lent itself to a certain amount of ambiguity in what he is trying to convey. This ambiguity that Frost has left the reader to contemplate is basically divided into two schools of thought. The first is that Frost has a regret for the choice that he has made and he is relating the hardships of that choice to the reader. The alternative is that he is simply trying to make a statement about life and harbors no regret towards the choice that he has made. The first theme to be considered is that of Frost’s analogy of one’s life being put onto some sort of timeline and he has used roads to illustrate the idea of many possibilities. The use of nature in the same line â€Å"Two roads diverged in a yellow wood† gives an almost organic-like appeal. This helps us to integrate roads into the natural environment and it gives an impression that the decisions that we have to make are natural. The divergence of the two roads into the same place (a yellow wood) symbolises Frost’s departure into the real world (because of the singularity in â€Å"wood†). This could mean that the wood is being compared to the â€Å"unknown† world. Again, in the first stanza there is the start of the ambiguity in the very colour of the wood. A strong believer in the view that Frost has given a regretful tone to the poem will point out that there is a significance in the very colour of the wood. This is because yellow represe nts autumn time where the stigma is that everything around him is dying and because of life he still has to continue. Furthermore, there is the inclusion of the second line â€Å"And sorry I could not travel both†. This could mean that he is regretful because he will never know what the other path offered. On the other hand it could also be interpreted that it is plain curiosity which has led him to say this, not any regret for what he has failed to do. Frost has used a clever illustration of the continuance of these roads to depict the uncertainty that life holds.

OCR physics B research project Essay

Originally most people believed that the universe was constant as this seemed both more sensible and more comforting. Most Greeks set the planets, sun and other stars in a series of fixed spheres. Newton’s religious beliefs lead him to create a static and eternal model of the universe where there is an infinite number of stars and each of them are the same and equally distant equally distant, thus causing their attractions to cancel out, despite obvious problems with this idea. Even once most scientists agreed that the universe is expanding or that it has done so in the past, there was much speculation about why it is expanding and what will happen to it in the future. Hypotheses such as the Big Bang and Steady State models of the universe have persuaded physicists over the past century. Some remain in favour while many others have been dismissed on the basis of observational evidence. The static universe This was historically the most popular view as it seems to fit best with everyday experience of the universe. Until Newton developed his Theory of Gravitation, there seemed to be no particular reason to dismiss this idea. It became ingrained in the minds of many people to the extent that scientists who could see that it was not consistent with currently accepted Theories rejected the idea of a changing universe. Once the idea of a universal attraction between masses was introduced, people used two different ideas to justify a belief in a static universe. The first was that God held everything apart. The second was by introducing a force which opposed gravity on a large scale. When Einstein formulated his Theory of General Relativity, he introduced a force called the â€Å"cosmological constant† to fit in with his views of a stationary universe. Speculation regarding a non-eternal and expanding universe Olber’s paradox, first described in 1823, suggests that the idea of an infinite universe does not fit with observational evidence. If there is an infinite number of stars, an infinitely large amount of light should reach us. From this, it can be concluded that the universe is not infinite in size and age. After the Russian mathematician, Alexander Friedmann, learned of Einstein’s Theory of General Relativity, he saw that it implied a changing universe. He saw the cosmological constant as unnecessary. In 1922 he published an article in a publication called Zeitschrift fur Physik. In this he put forward three possible realities based upon his calculations. He worked from the starting point of an expanding universe; this allows everything plenty of time to happen, while a universe created in a static state might be expected to contract in a small amount of time. The scenarios differed in their average density of the universe. A high average density relative to speed of expansion would lead gravity to pull all matter back to one point, an idea now commonly referred to as a Big Crunch. A low density would leave the gravitational attraction too weak to stop the expansion completely. The universe would expand forever and become cold and desolate. In the remaining option, the density would be enough to slow the expansion to a rate low enough to give a universe that remains roughly the same size for a long period. Einstein rejected Friedmann’s work, initially claiming that the calculations were incorrect. He eventually admitted that the work was mathematically sound, but he maintained that it did not represent reality. If the assumption that the universe is expanding is removed, collapse is the only possible outcome. Justification for this assumption was required and it soon arrived as a result of meticulous observation and measurement of the stars by Edwin Hubble. But first, another important idea was announced. In 1927, a Belgian cosmologist named Georges Lemaitre reasoned that if the universe is expanding, it must have previously been smaller. He extrapolated back from this to theorize that the whole universe must have once been small and compact. He called this state the â€Å"primeval atom† and it was the origin of the Big Bang Theory. This is not the only possible logical conclusion of the creation of an expanding universe, but it seems the most obvious and simple one, and therefore the first choice using Ockham’s Razor, the idea that a simple solution is usually preferable to one that seems needlessly complicated. Lemaitre’s work, just like Friedmann’s, was rejected by the majority of the scientific community, including Einstein, upon whose theory their ideas were based. To persuade people, data was needed. Observations suggesting an expanding universe The easiest way to get a rough idea of the distance to a star is to compare its brightness to that of a star of known distance. The amount of light observed is inversely proportional to the square of the distance to the star. If two stars are equally bright, this can be used to work out the ratio of their distances. Stars vary greatly in brightness, so this method can only give a very rough figure. It’s accuracy was improved by focusing on a group of stars that are believed to be of approximately the same level of brightness. This group came in the form of Cepheid variables. The brightness of these fluctuates over time and the speed at which this happens can be measured. Data from Cepheids in the Small Magellanic Cloud (so the distances should all be reasonably similar) suggested that the amount of light emitted could be linked to the period of oscillation. It therefore seemed reasonable to assume that the ratio of the squares of the distances of two Cepheid variables was inversely proportional to the observed brightness. (http://map. gsfc. nasa. gov/universe/uni_expansion. html) Edwin Hubble used this to work out the distances to a large number of stars. All he now needed to see whether the universe was expanding, contracting or staying roughly the same in size was the recessional velocities of the stars. If the recessional velocities were mainly positive and proportional to distance from the Earth, it suggested an expanding universe. Mainly negative and getting more negative as you get further from us would indicate contraction. Mainly positive or negative with no correlation between speed and distance might suggest expansion in the first case and contraction in the second, but it would not be as simple as the other cases. A roughly even mixture of positive and negative recessional velocities would indicate a static universe. Recessional velocities cannot be measured directly. The change in distance over a short period is too small relative to the starting distance for the imprecise measurement system previously described to detect. Hubble instead used the Doppler Effect to find out the speed of retreat. The spectrum of observed light varies depending upon the elements present within a star. Each element gives a unique pattern of spectral lines. The amount these lines are red shifted can be used to measure the recessional velocity. Higher speeds result in a greater red shift. Observed frequency = f+fv/c f is transmitted frequency, v is velocity of approach of the object and c is the speed of the waves (the speed of light). (http://library. thinkquest. org/27948/doppler. html) Hubble made measurements of the distance to and the red shift of a vast number of stars and concluded that stars have a recessional velocity directly proportional to their distance from us, as would be expected in an expanding universe. He came up with Hubble’s Law, which states v=H0d v is recessional velocity, H0 a constant (Hubble’s constant) and d is distance. (Advancing Physics A2, p. 74) image00. png Hubble drew the above graph to show his results. The distance estimates have since been revised upwards. (http://www. phys. unsw. edu. au/astro/wwwlabs/hdfSize/hdfSize_intro. html) Early estimates of Hubble’s constant placed it at around 50-100kms-1Mpc-1, while newer estimates have narrowed it down to around 70-80kms-1Mpc-1. Hubble’s constant can be used for several things, including estimating the age of the universe. I shall use it to work out the approximate distance away a star would have to be for the observed frequency to be half the emitted frequency. observed frequency One Mpc is roughly 3. 26Ãâ€"106 light years, so the star would be about 6. 5 billion light years distant. Fred Zwicky suggested in 1929 that light may lose energy as it travels, which would explain the proportional relationship between red shift and distance. This idea was called the Tired Light hypothesis. This idea has not been very popular as it has trouble explaining some observations while expansion seems a much simpler solution. (http://www. astro. ucla. edu/~wright/tiredlit. htm) Theories to explain expansion Although many hypotheses were posited, two took prominence, the Big Bang and Steady State theories. The Big Bang theory gradually developed from Lemaitre’s idea of the primeval atom, while Fred Hoyle, Thomas Gold and Hermann Bondi created the Steady State theory. The Big Bang is the idea that the whole universe was created by the expansion of a very small and heavy region. The Steady State theory states that the universe is infinite in age, but new matter is constantly being created and space is expanding. Both theories gained great popularity, but there were some problems with the Steady State idea (http://www. alief. isd. tenet. edu/Hastings/student/2/steadystatestands. html). Some stellar objects, such as quasars, were only found at large distances, suggesting that the universe has changed in appearance over time, contrary to the Steady State principle that the universe should have been similar throughout time, despite its expansion. It also had trouble explaining the relative abundance of different elements, which is something the Big Bang model was able to do after a variety of calculations, including those published in the Alpher-Bethe-Gamow paper (http://physicsworld. com/cws/article/news/30915). Olber’s paradox may again be seen as a problem, though the suggestion was put forward that the light would be red shifted, so the sky would not always be bright as the red shift would move the light to a non-visible region. Despite this, the Steady State theory remained popular. One set of observations, however, changed this. The existence of Cosmic Background Radiation was predicted by the Big Bang model and it was detected in 1964 (http://archive. ncsa. uiuc. edu/Cyberia/Cosmos/Footprints. html). Some proponents of the Steady State theory attempted to explain this as the result of scattered light from distant stars, but they could not explain the black body spectrum produced. Following these results, the Big Bang theory became dominant and it currently remains so. Bibliography Paper sources All the sections up to, but not including, â€Å"Observations suggesting and expanding universe† are sourced from Big Bang by Simon Singh. Published by Fourth Estate in 2005. Advancing Physics A2, IoP, 2001 These sources should both be reliable as the second was published by the IoP, while the first is a well known popular science book, so any errors would have probably been highlighted by now. Internet sources http://www. phys. unsw. edu. au/astro/wwwlabs/hdfSize/hdfSize_intro. html http://www. astro. ucla. edu/~wright/tiredlit. htm http://www. alief. isd. tenet.edu/Hastings/student/2/steadystatestands. html http://archive. ncsa. uiuc. edu/Cyberia/Cosmos/Footprints. html http://adsabs. harvard. edu/abs/2005ApJ†¦ 635L.. 37R These sources are all from university websites, so should be reliable. http://physicsworld. com/cws/article/news/30915. Physics World is a magazine published by the IoP, so should also be reliable. http://library. thinkquest. org/27948/doppler. html According to the website, Thinkquest is written by students under a qualified teacher. Although it is not necessarily as reliable as the other sources, I feel that this is suffici.

Conformity Vs. Nonconformity Essay

Nonconformity is a force from one’s personal self to step outside of the norm and bring a sense of individuality to a world in which there is very little originality anymore. As a society, we are ruled by the media. They force their points of views down everyones throats without one’s consciousness even acknowledging so. We walk past billboards, view commercials, peek around all of our social media websites, and all the while our minds are being bred to be biased towards a certain fashion, a certain point of view, as far as even a music choice which is most preferable. To step outside of this commonality in today’s society to the eye doesn’t seem too difficult. In everyone’s minds they are â€Å"unique†, â€Å"original†, and â€Å"creative†. What we don’t notice is how this seems to be what everybody believes, yet the fashion, attitude, whatever is as a phase and a trend. To truly step outside is a great leap and itâ€⠄¢s not simply acknowledging just how original you are, it’s to live your life everyday in not simply the same consistency but in such a way that you aren’t driven to stand out or fit in. It’s a numbness to either side of the spectrum. Being able to cope and not be judged based upon an individual’s nonconformity today is not as hard as it was in the past, however it is still picked upon. It’s only natural to separate the one that does not belong, as seen in many animal species when an animal is bred with a genetic deformity causing it to not belong, thus being shunned by the rest of the basic of the species. Today, even, one of the main controversies is homosexuality. Despite all the recent movements and reformities of the law, gay male and females are still ridiculed. Sometimes to the point of suicide or even such bizarre, violent bullying leading to near fatal wounds and mental scars. So in a sense, Ralph Waldo Emerson’s famous aphorism is correct. â€Å"For non-conformity the world whips you with displeasure.† From personal experience, I cannot recall a certain point in time when my nonconformity has been looked down upon, however I do believe that I fit in such a space between conformity and nonconformity. If you were to judge based upon pure physical factors, I would say that I do not choose to dress myself in a way to stand out, simply on p ersonal taste with a hint of outside influence. Mentally, I believe I do have an abstract method of thinking. I enjoy questioning things and learning, which is growing more  uncommon in today’s generation. Colleges tend to lean towards the unconventional way of thinking. After a professor has read so and so many papers from his hundreds to thousands of students, things can get a bit repetitive and uninteresting. A writing that stands out tends to create excitement with extra attention. This is how you show yourself, as a student, just the potential that you do harness. The ability to think outside of the box and express your thoughts and perspective in a way that invokes thought is a way to prove not only that you understand yourself, but it also is a way to even provoke questions that would allow somebody to learn something new. However abundant and appreciated nonconformity may be in today’s society in the novel â€Å"Brave New World† by Aldous Huxley, this approach to life is completely opposite. Within the â€Å"Brave New World† conformity is a method in which this society prospers and maintains control. From the time people are born in this society they are ta ught how to think, what to believe, and where they belong. This method forces people to grow just exactly how the government wants them to grow. This society is controlled using various methods. If you feel any sort of emotion, which would then create individuality, you just take a â€Å"Soma†. This drug eliminates every feeling. If you feel sad, take a Soma. If you are overly excited or ambitious, take a Soma. Another method is how it is a norm to sleep around with other people frequently. In today’s society if you practice â€Å"free love† or do not have emotionally attached sex then you are awfully judged and are pegged names that deem you somebody not to get close to. In â€Å"Brave New World† the opposite is so, and if you have sex with a person regularly you are then criticized. This operates control in order to detach love from sex, for love is a feeling which would separate you in this world. John the Savage is an excellent example for what happens when a nonconformist steps foot into this society. After his displeasing trip, he tries to change the way things are run. He spreads word of how he was raised. Even hearing the word â€Å"mother† gives people there an uncomfortable feeling because they were not raised, they were not nurtured, t hey were engineered. After all is said and done John is banished, but before he can reach that point he simply falls to depression causing his most unfortunate suicide at the end of the book. To conform is an easy task for the simple minded. It is a meager achievement to breeze through life without  questioning outside of what you are taught to accept. To go above and beyond displays a true thinker, someone worth remembering for what they believed- a nonconformist.

SWOT analysis for G-shock watch from Casio Essay

Strength In the SWOT analysis of G-shock watch from Casio, strength of G-shock watch from Casio is an important element. Firstly, we know that G-shock, Baby-G, Edifice and Pathfinder are sub-brands of Casio; they have targeted for a different group and marketed accordingly. Those brands targeting group are urban upper middle class youth. They have targeting it with clear and focused. Plus, the positioning of Casio is watches that are technology advanced. Because Casio most popular product is watches and it already designed world’s first LCD watches with having a full auto calendar. Other brand might not have those technologies yet, but Casio already have it. Now a day, people love much for LCD technology product, for example LCD TV, LCD laptop, LCD desktop and others. That is why the Casio designed LCD watches and it very popular now. There is many other innovations are synonymous with the Casio image. In addition, we can see that Casio has focus on sponsored events in the area of sports and also we can found a lot of athlete in G-shock from Casio’s advertisement. That is because G-shock watches have a similar function with those sport’s watches and sponsored events in the area of sports and use an athlete in their advertisement can prove beneficial to the brand image. The most important is, G-shock watches from Casio are cheaper if comparing to others brands but have an excellent quality. People now a day always prefer cheaper product with a good quality, and it is suitable for youth today because youth have low income. Casio brand can stand so long and popular in today because it is protected with 1986 registered trademarks in 187 countries around the world. We can see the Casio everywhere around the world. This is also the reason of why it is popular, because almost every countries around the world recognize G-shock watches from Casio. Weakness For G-shock watches from Casio, we found that it more like a watches brand than electronics brand. Almost all the watches have the same function, but just a different design and style, from here we can see that G-shock watches from Casio have put a lot of effort for designing the watches but not doing an innovation to improve the technology of the watch. We also can see that  they have a different colour watches and famous athlete in their advertisement but not a high technology watches in their advertisement. In my opinion, designing watches is not that simple like only for the appearance. Because G-shock watches from Casio are focusing in their watch’s appearance. Opportunity G-shock watches from Casio have a fashion design and style, it means that it has an opportunity to tied up with those fashion house and sponsoring events. For example, G-shock has produce watches that with a Starbuck’s logo and design. Not only the Starbuck, there is a lot of fashion house like to cooperate with G-shock watches from Casio. Now a day, we can see that many famous athletes have wearing G-shock watches, and many models like to wearing it because of it fashion design and style. As what I am saying at the strength of G-shock from Casio, G-shock from Casio have targeting youth today, and it is very successful because we can see that youths today are really attracted by G-shock from Casio because of it fashion design and style. One more reason that G-shock watches from Casio is attractive because it have a similar function as the old style sport watches. Threat G-shock watches are popular right now, but it also having threat. We know that G-shock is a sub brand of Casio, so they might face threat of counterfeit Casio product. Not only Casio, other sub-brands like baby-G, Edifice, Pathfinder also produce watches, and the appearance from those sub-brands has almost similar to G-shock. Not only the appearance, they also produce sport watches and digital watches, even the function also similar to the G-shock brand. In addition, there is one more threat that G-shock might be faced, that is competition in watches with the â€Å"sport look† in the market is heavily populated, that is because not only G-shock having a â€Å"sport look† watches in the wide market. Like what I’m saying that is a lot of brands that having those â€Å"sport look† watches and also having the similar function as sport watches. So that is hard to populate if just having a â€Å"sport look† watches. To solve this threat, we can found that G-shock now has trying to develop and designing other type watches that not just only â€Å"sport look†.

A Unified And Empowered Europe Towards Modernization Essay

No matter how historical events are being interpreted Europe’s history after World War II suggest just one clear reality: it has unified its countries which were once shattered by bitter invasion and had since then been trying to move towards an empowered modern Europe. For whatever reasons others cannot believe and accept such reality, there is one certain thing about Europe after World War II: Europe’s dream of modernization defied its diversity of culture and differing political ideals. Before the war, Europe has traditionally been divided into East and West based by different political system; Communism and Capitalism. A new blend of Europe has been the main path which directed its member countries after the war. It is for this reason that this writer proposed to integrate the concept of unity or unification in the thematic title of this course. There are several events that will justify this assumption. For example, the power of Communism has significantly weakened after the war and so were the influences it left in the formerly communist countries then known as the Eastern bloc. With the call for unification and reconciliation by Winston Churchill in 1946 and the creation of European Union of Federalists, the desire of the people to completely pin down Soviet Union arose and heightened. The call for the establishment of United States in Europe called for uprisings and movements to express their disgust to its proponents. These events, instead of creating conflict had provided the people the opportunity to block the domination of European Union of Federalists and the United Nations of Europe and so the European (Atlantic) model of government was born. With the nationalistic aim of Schumann and Benet, Europeans were encouraged to reconciliation. What is remarkable however in with Schumann and Benet was that they were against America’s entering into the scene. The two stood to their beliefs that the Franco-German reconciliation should be left to the sole responsibility of the Europeans and not with the help of any nation. With this we can say that these European leaders genuinely aimed for a long-term unity of European countries. Europe also took vital steps towards modernization and progress by means of allowing the spirit of reconciliation dominates them. On May 01, 1950, the famous Schuman Declaration occurred which brought hopes for progress to the unifying Europe. The establishment of the European Coal and Steel Community marked that date in the European calendar. Such community was vital in the initial steps taken by Europe in moving towards genuine progress. The declaration made Germany, Italy, Belgium, Netherlands and Luxembourg nod to the proposal of an authority. This is first time in the European history that these powerful countries agreed and united. Culture and religion were also major elements which played in the ideological division of Europe into East and West. However with modernization and the end of Cold War, Europe removed these walls. It is important to note that West Europe was then dominated by Western Christianity religion while the East bloc was dominated by Orthodox Christianity and Islam. Because of these, member countries of the two divisions clashed trying to display dominance over the other and genocide was the other’s most powerful tool. With the establishment of the European Union, eastern borders were extended through the countries dominated by Western and Eastern Orthodox civilizations. The memberships of most protestant and Roman Catholic countries in the European Union finally erased the mark of cultural conflict between the two divisions. The step by step movement of European countries towards unification brought considerably good results for the whole European nation. Despite the resistance of others to join the prominent European Union, Europe obviously is moving forward towards globalization. Although it is not the union which solely and ultimately unified Europe and its people, somehow the prominence of the European organization is of great help. As of May 2004, the European Union has 25 member countries after 10 countries joined including Poland, Czech Republic, Hungary, Cyprus and others. Such memberships are indications of the member countries’ willingness to extend help to each other. More importantly, these member countries now recognize a higher authority other than their own. With growing concerns on national security and issues of war and human aggression, European Union’s leaders have been criticizing each other point out the shortcomings of one another. Such disagreements do not however suggest that E. U. can no more live up to its dream of ultimate peace and unity. These situations especially in the political arena are indicative of the active participation and exercise of their power to choose and to independently decide for their people. Their unity as a legacy of the wars does not necessarily requires them to implement uniform laws and policies to their constituents. United Europe after the war had actually provided each member country the sense of accountability and responsibility by defending their stand over an issue that significantly affect them. Despite the diversity of culture and its bitter past, united Europe has been continuously moving towards a globally competitive and empowered nation. The wars undoubtedly left the enduring culture of hatred and violence behind. Europe was left with one vital responsibility to take: use its available time and resources to manage its economic, social and political affairs in the most prudent manner in such a way that it has secured its people and their future. There were no more walls in their midst, no more threat of genocide, and no more religious conflicts. Everyone is free to live a peaceful life in the land where no culture is regarded dominant over the other.

Forms of Business Organisations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Forms of Business Organisations - Essay Example This means that the business owner will be personally liable for all the business debs and risks and as their personal belongings will be confiscated to settle the claims of the creditors. Operating sole proprietorship form of business puts both the business as well as personal assets at risk owing to the fact that this form of business have unlimited liability(Cody, Hopkins & Perlman 202). Control: the business is owned and controlled by the owner. This means that the owner without consultation handles all the critical decisions of the business single handedly and as such, he/she has full authority to delegate tasks at will. Income taxes: Sole proprietorship income is taxed on the owner’s personal income. The Internal Revenue Service (IRS) treats income from sole proprietorship as personal income and thus taxes are charged on the owner’s income (Cody, Hopkins & Perlman 202). Continuity of the business: Sole proprietorship business is not a separate legal entity from it s owners and as such, it does not enjoy perpetual existence as the death, or bankruptcy of the owner will lead to the end of business. Profit retention: The sole proprietor enjoys all the profits by himself and therefore he is the one to decide the amount to give up for plough back into the business. Location: Sole proprietorship is one of the easiest businesses to operate taking into consideration that it is not affected by change of location as most states operate similar laws and regulations relating to sole proprietorship. Advantages It is easily and less expensive to form compared to other forms of business organizations such as C-corporations and LLC. This form of business organization requires less capital to start as well as few legal formalities. Avoids double taxation as in the case of C corporations The sole proprietor enjoys all the profits alone taking into consideration that this form of a business is one-man show. Quick decision making as no one is consulted in case a decision has to be made like in the case of general partnership (Cody, Hopkins & Perlman 9). Disadvantages Sole proprietorship has unlimited liability and as poses a risk of loss to personal as well as business assets in case of credit default. Sole proprietors have limited capital owing to lack of a wide range of avenues of raising capital as in the case of C corporations. Lack of perpetual existence owing to the fact that illness, bankruptcy or death of the owner lead to termination of the business. General Partnership General partnership is an unincorporated for of business which involves two or more individuals (maximum of 20) coming together to form a business in order to make profits. Unlike in the case of sole proprietorship, partners in the partnership business share into the ownership, management, profits, loses and critical decisions affecting day-to-day operations of the business. Characteristics Liability: The General partnership does not enjoy limited liability as in t he case LLC, C corp., or S corp. This means that all the partners are personally liable for all the debts and liabilities of the business. In fact, the partners risk losing, not only their investments in the business but also their personal property in case the business fails to honor its credit obligations (Cody, Hopkins & Perlman 9). Income tax: Income of the general partnership business does not attract taxes considering that partners will be taxed on the income

Health care issues Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Health care issues - Essay Example The Republicans, on one hand, advocate for tax incentives as a measure of expanding private insurance and preventing costs. They want every American family to be able to purchase insurance through such â€Å"marginal incentives† (Mooney). These differences have persisted since the administration of former Republican President George W. Bush. Federalism’s main role in the issue of health care is to provide unity amidst diversity. It is understandable that each federal government feels threatened by the health care reform law passed under Obama’s administration. The law’s provisions tend to intrude â€Å"deeply into the internal affairs of the states† and contradict the very essence of federalism (Moffit). In a federalist set-up, local government units (states) and the national government share governing powers. These states are also vested with constitutional sovereignty and can pass their own laws independent from each other and from Washington. Congress officers’ intrusion is no longer healthy to the federalism espoused by the US. They specify â€Å"how states are to arrange health insurance markets within their borders,† and determine the â€Å"products that will be sold to their citizens† (Moffit). The state of California responded to the health care law by not complyi ng with the federal legislation. As a result, the federal government is passing two bills, calling for its compliance (Haberkorn). The state has not joined 14 other states in blocking the health care law, but is merely enjoying its power to ignore legislation. Governor Schwarzenegger had other priorities in mind, like cutting the health care budget of California and expanding oil drilling in Sta. Barbara (Wood). The governor also said he opted out of compliance and support for the programs because congress was buying votes to pass the health care law (Falcone). The US Constitution prevents the President, acting through

The link between psychology and resistance to change Essay

The link between psychology and resistance to change - Essay Example Resistance to organizational change mainly comes from the people within the organization. This has been described as â€Å"psychological and organizational response† that comes from the attitude of people irrespective of the nature of change (Bovey & Hede, 2001). There are various reasons that have been identified which contribute to resistance to change on the part of employees. The most common factors that have been identified as contributing factors fuelling resistance are inadequate involvement of employees in the change management, ineffective process of communication and inadequate knowledge about change. The biggest manifestation of resistance to change occurs through expression of grievances, lower efficiency, aggressive attitude towards higher management and reduction of output of the organization. In order to understand the concept of resistance to change it is important to understand organizational change. Organizational change can be defined as an adaptation to the changing environment with an objective of improving the performance. There are two broad types of organizational change which can occur the first one can be defined as first order change and the second one is strategic or revolutionary change. In the former one the basic framework of the organization remains unaltered but in the second one the basic framework changes. The earliest mention of resistance was noticed in the article published by Lewin (1947cited in Gravenhorst, 2003) and the subsequent works published in the concept of group dynamics. The works of Coch and French (1948cited in Gravenhorst, 2003) had introduced the idea of resistance to organizational change but instead of properly shedding light on the concept they had rather introduced it as a motivational problem. The works of Watson (1969) had ide ntified that there are multiple stages in which the employees express their resistance to change. The first stage is characterized by

Tourism Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Tourism Marketing - Essay Example 'The private sector comprises individual tourism enterprises that operate in a competitive, commercial environment using a business ethos and private sector capital. The public sector comprises the State Tourism Organizations. Funding is provided by taxpayers and ratepayers' (Advance Tourism 2005). The private sector operates as small regional or locale unites with strategic marketing plans. However, tourism needs to be marketed effectively aiming at the regional and local tourist. This paper will render a supportive hand to the local and regional tourism initiators. There are number of factors that need to be at the back of ones head while sketching and implementing a tourism marketing project. 'Tourist activities involve an amplified utilization of vulnerable habitation and this utilization often leads to a degradation of resources' (UNCSD NGO Committee 1999). The above stated words only prove how tactful one needs to be while compiling marketing strategies to influence the locale community. Tourism brings forth swift changes in the host community. ... The private sector operates as small regional or locale unites with strategic marketing plans.However, tourism needs to be marketed effectively aiming at the regional and local tourist. This paper will render a supportive hand to the local and regional tourism initiators. There are number of factors that need to be at the back of ones head while sketching and implementing a tourism marketing project. 'Tourist activities involve an amplified utilization of vulnerable habitation and this utilization often leads to a degradation of resources' (UNCSD NGO Committee 1999). The above stated words only prove how tactful one needs to be while compiling marketing strategies to influence the locale community. 1.2 Change and TourismTourism brings forth swift changes in the host community. While the international tourists bring in a rapid evolution in the local cultures and behavioral patterns, it is important for the state owned and private service providers to let the locale and regional people feel that their traditions and values are safeguarded and exhibited before the world. This confidence must be encouraged and cultivated by the local and regional marketing strategies (Poon A 1993). Tourism is the system of leisure or holiday travel, away from home for the day or overnight. The components of tourism include activities, facilities, transport and (when overnight) accommodation as well as local and international tour operators' (Bruce D. & Hoctor Z. 2001). This statement beyond any doubts can be considered as an affidavit for the seriousness of influencing the local flock towards successful and sustainable tourism program and activity. It elucidates the hidden aspects of the domestic market for the success and